Unit 9. Ecology and
Environment
GRAMMAR
Reported Speech
There are two ways
of reporting what people say: direct speech and indirect speech. If the words
spoken are repeated exactly as they were spoken and they are written within
inverted commas, the way of reporting is called Direct Speech. If the words spoken are not repeated exactly as they
were spoken and are reported making some necessary changes in tense, pronouns,
and adverbs, etc, the way of reporting is called Indirect Speech.
Krish said to me,
“Will you meet me tomorrow?”
Krish asked me if I
would meet him the next day.
1.
General information of reported speech:
Direct: He
said to me “I’ll come to your school tomorrow myself.”
Reporting
speech reported speech
Indirect: He
told me that he would come to my school the
next day himself.
2.
Changes of tense:
|
Direct |
Indirect |
Examples
|
|
V1/ V5 |
V2 |
go/goes – went |
|
V2 |
had + V3 |
went – had gone |
|
has/have +
V3 |
” |
has/have gone – had gone |
|
is/am/are |
was/were |
is going – was going |
|
has/have + been + V4 |
had been
+ V4 |
has been going – had been going |
|
was/were + V4 |
” |
was going – had been going |
|
was/were + NP |
had been + NP |
was a doctor – had been a doctor |
|
shall / will …. + V1 |
should / would + V1 |
shall go – should go |
|
has to / have to + V1 |
had to + V1 |
has to go – had to go |
|
had to + V1 |
had had to + V1 |
had to go – had had to go |
|
shall / will + have + V3 |
should/would + have + V3 |
shall have gone – should have gone |
|
don’t/doesn’t + V1 |
didn’t + V1 |
don’t go – didn’t go |
|
didn’t + V1 |
hadn’t + V3 |
didn’t go – hadn’t gone |
3.
Change of persons:
|
person |
nominative |
objective |
possessive |
reflexive |
|
First |
I |
me |
my
mine |
myself |
|
we |
us |
our
ours |
ourselves |
|
|
second |
you |
you |
your
yours |
yourself/selves |
|
Third |
he |
him |
his
his |
himself |
|
she |
her |
her
hers |
herself |
|
|
it |
it |
its
its |
itself |
|
|
they |
them |
their
theirs |
themselves |
Note:
Ø
First person is changed according to the subject.
Ø
Second person is changed according to the object.
Ø
Third person do not changed.
She said to him, “What are you doing for me?”
She asked him what he was doing for her.
He said to her, “I am going to meet your friend.”
He told her that he was going to meet her
friend.
She said to me, “your pen is better than mine.”
She told me that my pen was better than hers.
4.
Change of adverbials:
|
Direct |
Indirect |
Direct |
Indirect
|
|
these |
those |
this |
that |
|
come |
go |
hence |
thence |
|
the day before yesterday |
two days before/the day before |
tomorrow |
the next day/the following day |
|
today |
that day |
ago |
before |
|
next |
the following |
yesterday |
the previous day |
|
here |
there |
now |
then |
|
last |
the previous |
|
|
He said, “I’ll call you tomorrow.”
He said that he would call me the following
day.
She said to me, “What are you doing now?”
She asked me what I was doing then.
He said to us, “Did you meet me two days
ago?”
He told us if we had met him two days before.
5.
Reporting five types of sentences:
|
Sentences |
said / said to |
inverted comma
|
|
assertive |
said + no object, told + object |
that |
|
interrogative |
asked |
if, whether, wh. Words |
|
imperative |
ordered, asked, requested, told, etc… |
to, not to |
|
optative |
wished, prayed, blessed, cursed, bade |
that |
|
exclamatory |
exclaimed + with joy, with happiness, with
surprise, with sorrow, etc… |
that |
Examples:
|
Rita said, “I don’t call anybody.” |
Rita said that she didn’t call anybody. |
|
She said to me, “My brother wants to meet
you.” |
She told me that her brother wanted to meet
me |
|
They said to me, “Where are you going?” |
They asked me where I was going. |
|
The old man said, “Shall I have to come
tomorrow?” |
The old man asked if he would have to come
the next day. |
|
He said to Mala, “Congratulation!” |
He congratulated Mala. |
|
I said to him, “Close the window.” |
I told him to close the window. |
|
She said to me, “Please guide me how these
sentences are changed.” |
She requested/ asked me to guide her how
those sentences were changed. |
|
Hari said to the boy, “Clean the table
now.” |
Hari ordered the boy to clean the table
then. |
|
I said to some of my friends, “Come to me
tomorrow.” |
I asked some of my friends to come to me
the following day |
|
Teacher said, “Don’t waste your time.” |
Teacher advised/suggested us not to waste
our time. |
|
The General said to soldiers, “Be ready to
attack.” |
The General commanded the soldiers to be
ready to attack. |
|
Daughter said, “Papa, give me some pocket
money, please.” |
Daughter asked/requested Papa to give her
some pocket money. |
|
Teacher said, “Don’t make a noise.” |
Teacher told us not to make a noise. Teacher forbade us to make a noise. |
|
I said to him, “Thank you.” |
I thanked him |
6.
The tense is not changed in the following context:
- If the sentences express universal
truth general truth etc.
Ram said, “Honesty is the best policy.” Ram said that honesty is
the best policy.
He said, “The sun rises in the east.” He said that the sun rises in
the east.
- If the reporting verb is in present
or future tense:
He says to me, “I
will come to meet you.” He
tells me that he will come to meet me.
He will say, “I can
do this work.” He
will say that he can do this work.
A. Study the following expressions.
Interviewer: Julia,
can you share your experiences of living on the branches of a tree for two
years?
Julia: It
was wonderful! I can't express that in words.
Somebody
reported the above expressions in the following way.
The
interviewer asked Julia to share her experiences of living on the branches of a
tree for two years.
Julia
replied that it had been wonderful. She could not express that in words
B. Someone says something to you which contradicts to what they told
you earlier. Match the beginnings of the conversations with the correct
endings.
a.
I'm going to Pokhara on holiday. - vi. You said you were
going on business.
b.
He's a lawyer. - iii. You told me he was
a teacher.
c.
She's had a baby girl. - i. You said she'd
had a boy.
d.
I haven't seen Binesh for ages. - viii. You told me you'd
seen him previous week.
e.
I love these new boots. - v. You said you hated
them.
f.
I only cheated in one exam. - ii. You admitted you
cheated in all your exams.
g.
She doesn't speak Hindi or Chinese. - iv. You told me she was fluent in both.
h.
He works in Kathmandu. - vii. You told me his
office was in Biratnagar.
C. Change the following sentences into indirect speech.
a.
The principal said, “You can phone from my office, Rita.”
The
principal told Rita that she could phone from his office.
b.
“You must not neglect your duty,” said the teacher to the student.
The
teacher told the student that he/she must not neglect his/her duty.
c.
The student said, “Sir, please, grant me a leave for two days.”
The
student requested sir to grant him/her a leave for two days.
d.
I said to her, “Go to school or you will be fined.”
I
warned her to go to school or she would be fined.
e.
The headmaster said, “Don’t make any noise, boys.”
The
headmaster asked boys not to make any noise.
The
headmaster forbade boys to make any noise.
f.
“Work hard if you want to rise in life,” said the old man.
The
old man said to work hard if we wanted to rise in life.
g.
He said, “Goodbye, my friends!”
He
bade goodbye to his friends.
h.
She said to me, “Have a pleasant journey ahead.”
She
wished me to have a pleasant journey ahead.
i.
“Don’t give me the book, please,” Sharmila said.
Sharmila
requested (me) not to give her the book.
j.
“Where have you been these days?” she spoke on the telephone.
She
spoke on the telephone where I had been those days.
k.
The teacher said, “Have you submitted your assignments, students?”
The
teacher asked students if they had submitted their assignments.
D. These are the exact words Dinesh said to you yesterday.
"I've
just got engaged! We're getting married next month. We're going to Pokhara for
our honeymoon. It's all going to be very expensive. Luckily, my friend is a
photographer so he'll take the photos for us. We'll be having the reception in
my parents' back garden. My mum is baking the cake for us and my sister's band
is playing free for us. I hope you'll come to the wedding."
Now, you're telling your friend what Dinesh told you. Complete the
text.
He
said he (1)…………just got engaged. He told me that he (2) ………… next month. He
told me (3) ………… to Pokhara for their honeymoon. He mentioned that it (4) …………
very expensive. He said that his friend (5) ………… and he (6) ………… the photos for
them. He mentioned that they (7) ………… the reception in his parents' garden. He
admitted that (8) ………… . He said his sister’s band (9) ………… . He said he (10)
………… I'd come to the wedding.
Answer:
He
said he (1) had just got engaged. He told me that he (2) was
getting married next month. He told me (3) they were going to
Pokhara for their honeymoon. He mentioned that it (4) was all
going to be very expensive. He said that his friend (5) was
a photographer and he (6) would take the photos for
them. He mentioned that they (7) would be having the
reception in his parents' garden. He admitted that (8) his mum was
baking the cake for them. He said his sister's band (9) was
playing free for them. He said he (10) hoped I'd come
to the wedding.
Extra Questions
Rewrite the following sentences in the reported speech. Change the
direct speech into indirect speech and vice versa. Rewrite the sentences in
reported speech.
1) 1) "I hadn’t travelled by underground
before I came to London.” She said..........
2)
“I should have studied harder for the
exam” She..........
3)
“I usually drink coffee in the mornings”
She..........
4)
“I visited my parents at the weekend.”
She told me..........
5)
“I was sleeping when Julie called.” She
said..........
6)
“I was waiting for the bus when he
arrived.” She told me..........
7)
“I was wondering if you could possibly
tell me the time?” She..........
8)
“I won’t see you tomorrow.” She
said..........
9)
“I would have visited the hospital, if I
had known you were sick” She..........
10)
“I’ll come and help you at twelve”
She..........
11)
“I’ll come and help you on Saturday”
She..........
12)
“I’ll do the washing-up later.” She told
me..........
13)
“I’m coming!” She said..........
14)
“I’m leaving tomorrow” She..........
15)
“I’ve never been to Wales” She..........
16)
“Is this the road to the station?” She
asked me..........
17)
“Lucy’ll come later.” She said..........
18)
“Make sure you arrive at six!”
She..........
19)
“Make sure you arrive early!”
She..........
20)
“Please buy some bread on your way home”
She..........
21)
“Please buy some milk” She..........
22)
“Please come early” She..........
23)
“Please don’t forget my book”
She..........
24)
“Please get me a cup of tea”
She..........
25)
“Please give this to John” She..........
26)
“Please help me carry this” She asked
me..........
27)
“Remember to study hard!” She..........
28)
“She got married last year”
She..........
29)
“She hasn’t eaten sushi before.” She
said..........
30)
“She’s living in Paris for a few
months.” She said..........
31)
“They had never been to Scotland until
last year” She..........
32)
“They would help if they could.” She
said..........
33)
“Tidy your room!” She..........
34)
“Wait here!” She..........
35)
“We went out last night” She told
me..........
36)
“We went to the cinema and then to a
Chinese restaurant” She..........
37)
“What are you doing tomorrow?”
She..........
38)
“What are you doing?” She asked me..........
39)
“What are you going to do at the
weekend?” She asked me..........
40)
“What were you doing when I saw you?”
She asked me..........
41)
“Where do you live?” She..........
42)
“Where do you want to eat tonight?”
She..........
43)
“Where is he?” She asked me..........
44)
“Where will you live after graduation?”
She asked me..........
45)
“Who was that beautiful woman?” She
asked me..........
46)
“Why are you late?” he asked me…..
(why I am late, why I was late, why I was being late)
47)
“Why did you go out last night?” She
asked me..........
48)
“Will you come later?” She asked
me..........
49)
“Would you bring me a cup of coffee,
please?” She..........
50)
“Would you mind lending me a pencil?”
She..........
51)
“Would you mind passing the salt?”
She..........
52)
“Would you mind telling me how to get to
the art gallery, please?” She..........
53)
“Would you mind waiting a moment
please?” She..........
54)
“You should go to bed early.” She told
me..........
55)
A new student said, “When
.............................…?” (does the school start, the school starts, did
the school started)
56)
Ashu said to his friend, “Are you
willing to share your books with me?”
57)
Dipa said that she
…………………………..………Pokhara. (has visited, had visited, was visited)
58)
Ezra asked us what we had been doing so
long. "What .......... so long?" Ezra asked us.
59)
He asked his sons ……in farming. (why
don’t you take care, why they didn’t take care, if you don’t take care)
60)
He enquired ….. (where his father
is, if where his father was, where his father was)
61)
He said, "I know a better
restaurant." He said that..........
62)
He said, "I will clean the
car." He said that..........
63)
He said, "I will ring her." He
said that..........
64)
He said, “Alas! I perish by the people I
made.
65)
He said, “Alas! what a fool I am.
66)
He said, “What a terrible night it is!”
67)
He said: "I won't tell
anyone." He said that..........
68) He told us that he ……….to the USA
the year before. (has been, had been, will have been)
69)
He wanted to know if he should lock the
back door. " ..........lock the back door?" he wanted to know.
70)
He wondered if I had received his text
message. " ..........my text message?" he wondered.
71)
I advised my guests not to go out late
at night. " ..........out late at night," I advised my guests.
72)
I asked them ……………………….to be late. (to
not try, to try not, not to try)
73) I invited Monika but she said, “…………….to
party on Friday.” (She couldn’t come, I can’t come, She will come)
74) I said to Bibek, “…………....father
yesterday.” But he said that his father had not come out. (I met your, I have
met your, he met my)
75)
I said to john, “………?” (You
are my friend, He was my friend, Are you my friend)
76) I said to Pramod, “…………………….tomorrow.”
but he replied that he would not be at home the following day. (I shall come to
you, You will come to me, You will come to him)
77)
I said to Shankar, “……………respected
friend?” (You are my, He was my, Are you my)
78)
I/He said, “How I wish they would come”.
79)
Janaki said, ‘I have been reading this
book.’
80)
Jane asked, ‘Have you read that book?’
81)
John said, "I love this town."
John said ..........
82)
Lily told me not to eat so much ice
cream. " ..........so much ice cream," Lily told me.
83)
Malathi asked, ‘Where is your watch?’
84) Mamata replied that she was ready to
help me when I asked her, “…………?” (Is she ready to help you, Was she ready to
help her, Are you ready to help me)
85)
Mike said, ‘I will bring my piano.’
86)
Miriam asked me what I wanted from her.
"What.......... from me?" Miriam asked me.
87)
Mother asked, ‘What is the matter?’
88)
Mother said to the daughter, ‘Go and
change your dress.’
89)
My brother said to his friend, “I am very
sleepy.”
90) My brother told me that he never drinks
tea. Its original speech is: my brother said to me, “I …………..……tea.” (sometimes
drink, never drink, don’t drink)
91) My father forbade me to smoke. My father
said, “……………………” (Smoke, No smoking, Don’t smoke)
92) My father told me …… …so much
money. (not spend, do not spend, not to spend)
93)
My father told me that water …………..
(freezes at 00 Celsius, has frozen at 00 Celsius, froze at 00 Celsius)
94) My fiancé asked me whether I would marry
him the following year. " ..........marry me next year?" my
fiancé asked me.
95)
My friend said that he had returned home
a week before. Its original speech is: my friend said, “I …………home a week ago.”
(have returned, returned, had returned)
96)
My friend said to me, “Can you solve the
problem?”
97)
My friend said, “Have you ever been to
London?”
98)
My grandma wanted to know why I was
crying. "Why ..........?" my grandma wanted to know.
99)
My mother said to the stranger, “What is
the purpose of your coming?”
100)
My sister said to me, “Consult a doctor
regarding your eyesight.”
101)
My uncle said to Sheela, “I have a
surprise for you.”
102)
Nicol asked me to join her the following
day. " ..........," Nicol asked me.
103)
Priya says, “The Earth is round.”
104)
Puspa said to her students, “…………………”
(To be quiet, Quiet, Be quiet)
105)
Rajan said, “Where ……………….…..the
auditorium?” (were, is, was)
106)
Sam wondered if they had arrived to the
cinema on time. " ..........to the cinema on time?" wondered
Sam.
107) Sangita said to her father,
“…………….tomorrow?” (You will help me, If he would help her, Will you help me)
108)
Shanta has said she …………………..her work.
(do does, did)
109)
She always says to me, “I have to help
you at any cost.” She always tells me ……….…………. (she had to help me at any
cost, she have to help me at some cost, she have to help me at some cost, she
has to help me at any cost)
110)
She asked Gita …………………….a film with her.
(see, to see, saw)
111)
She said honesty ……………………..the best
policy. (is, was, be)
112)
She said to me,
“......…?” (What is your name, What my name
was, What your name is)
113)
She said, "I am reading." She
said that..........
114)
She said, "I did not say
that." She said that..........
115)
She said, "I don't know where my
shoes are." She said that..........
116)
She said, "I woke up early."
She said that..........
117)
She said, “Do you want to stay abroad?”
118)
She said, “I have passed the exams.”
119)
She said, “May God bless her with a
child!”
120)
She wondered whether she might use my
laptop. " ..........laptop?" she wondered.
121)
Shita said to her mother, “Have you ever
thought about yourself in life?”
122)
Shrijana advised me ………………… (don’t be
rude, not to be rude, to be not rude)
123)
Shyam said, ‘I can solve this problem.’
124)
Sita said to Praveen, “I will return
your money tomorrow.”
125)
Sophia said, ‘I watched this movie last
week.’
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