Unit
13. Career and Entrepreneurship
Grammar
Present
perfect and past simple
Tense structure and time adverbial…
|
Structure |
Uses |
Examples |
|
Simple
present S + V1/ V5 + O |
With the time adverbial: always, often, never, everyday, sometimes, generally,
seldom, usually, nowadays, these days …
|
He often comes here. They never play football. He sometimes visits new places. Barking dog seldom bites. |
|
To express present habitual action |
They watch TV serials every evening. |
|
|
To express general truth |
Water boils at 1000
Celsius. |
|
|
To express the time-table actions |
Our exam starts at eleven. |
|
|
To express saying and proverbs |
Honesty is the best policy. |
|
|
Present
continuous S + is/am/are + V4 + O |
With
time adverbials: Now, at present, still, today, this + time… |
The little child sleeping now. We are learning something at present. |
|
With
words of attention: Look!, Listen!, Hurry up! … |
Look! My father is coming. Listen! Someone is calling us. |
|
|
With imperatives
|
Don’t talk so loudly, your father is sleeping. Wait, a bus is coming. |
|
|
Fixed planned action |
We are going to Pokhara tomorrow. |
|
|
Present
perfect S + has/have + V3 + O |
With
time adverbials: Just, already, recently, lately, yet… Since + point of time For + period of time |
We have just come here. Mina has already seen me. I have known you since April. She has been here for two years. |
|
To express the past action with a present effect/result |
Mina has got in an accident. She is still in hospital. I have lost my key. It is not in my pocket. |
|
|
Present
perfect continuous S + has/have + been + V4 + O |
With
the time adverbials: All + time … Since + time … For + time …. |
He has been working all this morning. She has been living here for six months. He has been writing a letter since 2 o’clock. |
|
Simple
past S + V2 + O |
With
the time adverbials: Ago, yesterday, last, those days, ancient, last + time…. In + past time….. |
Anju passed the test in June. She met me yesterday. I bought it last week. He got married in 1960. |
|
Narrative in stories |
Once upon a time, there was a king. |
|
|
Past habits |
She often ate Daal and Roti in India. |
|
|
Past
continuous S + was/were + V4 + O |
To talk about an activity that was going on at a certain
time in the past with
‘ all yesterday’ |
This time last week they were dancing. They were reading novels all yesterday. He was playing football all yesterday. |
|
Past
perfect S + had + V3 + O |
To express an action that took place before another action
started. |
He had already left the place before Ram came. The patient had died by the time doctor came. |
|
Past perfect continuous S + had been + V 4 + O |
To express an action that had been going on before another
action started… |
It had been raining when I woke up. She had been working there when the trouble began |
|
Simple
future S + will + V1 + O |
With
the time adverbials: Tomorrow, next, soon, tonight … |
Tom will come here tomorrow. I shall help you next week. |
|
To make prediction |
The weather will be cooler tomorrow. |
|
|
Future
continuous S + will be + V4 + O |
To express an ongoing action at a certain point in the
future… |
This time next week I will be visiting Pokhara with my
friends. |
|
Future
perfect S + will have + V3 + O |
To express future completed action With:
By / Before + point of time In + period of time |
They will have gone home. She will have cooked rice by 6 o’clock. He will have passed I. A. in two years. |
|
Future
perfect continuous S + will have been + V4 + O |
To express future ongoing action With: By + time……..for + time. |
By the next month, he will have been living here for two years. |
1.
Tense sequence
….
|
Simple present + simple future |
If I give a party, I will invite them. |
|
Simple past + simple past / past continuous/ past perfect |
When she pushed him, he fell down. When Sita came to meet Ram, he was reading a novel. When the doctor came, the patient had already died. |
|
Past tense + while + past continuous Present tense + present continuous |
The boys looked at me while I was dancing. He always comes while she is cooking. |
2.
Tense contrasts
…
|
Simple present
(permanent action) Present continuous (temporary action) |
He works in a supermarket. He is working in a school until he finds another job. |
|
Simple future (uncertain future action) Present continuous (fixed future action) |
He will fly to Singapore next week. He is flying to Singapore next week. He has already booked
a ticket. |
|
Present perfect (if
the action takes little time to happen) Present perfect continuous (if the action takes some time
to happen) |
He has fallen of the bridge. He is in the river now. He has been running. He is sweating. |
|
Simple past (no result of the action and is already
completed in the past) Present perfect (the result of the action in the present
context) |
Hari fell in the river. He drowned.
Hari has fallen in the river. He’s very wet. |
A. Notice the use of present perfect and past simple in the
following text.
|
I
think I have had a very interesting life. I'm 73 now and I don't work
anymore. I was in the army for 31 years. I retired when I was 52. I have been
to so many countries that I can't remember all of them. I've been to
Australia six or seven times and to South Africa three times. I have also
been once to Russia but I didn't like it at all: much too cold for me! I've
never been on television, but I've been on the radio once. It was a programme
about life in the military about twenty years ago. I've met a lot of famous
people: members of the royal family, famous politicians and also famous
cinema and television personalities. I've never met the American President
though which is a pity. Because I've travelled a lot, I've seen a lot of
wonderful things and have also eaten and drunk some strange foods and drinks.
I ate cat and rat in India and drank something called Mirto on a little
island in Italy many years ago. |
B. Look at the diagram about the use of present perfect tense.
C. We use the past simple for past events or actions which have no
connection to the present and the present perfect to talk about completed
actions which have impacts to the present.
I
lost my keys yesterday.
I’ve
lost my key. I can’t find it anywhere.
D. We use both 'been (to)' and 'gone (to)' as the past participle of
'go', but with different meanings.
I’ve
been to Muktinath.
Prem
is on holiday. He has gone to Ilam.
Sarika
is back home now. She has been to Jumla.
E. Use the correct tense of the verbs in brackets.
a.
I don't know where Muna is. …… (you/see) her?
I
don't know where Muna is. Have you seen her?
b.
Janak …… (not/be) very well last week.
Janak wasn't
very well last week.
c.
Last night I …… (lose) my keys. So I stayed in my friend’s home.
Last night I lost
my keys. So I stayed in my friend’s home.
d.
I …… (lose) my keys. Can you help me look for them?
I have lost
my keys. Can you help me look for them?
e.
I …… (know) Jamuna for three years. We still meet once a month.
I have known
Jamuna for three years. We still meet once a month.
f.
She …… (live) in Sikkim when she was a child.
She lived
in Sikkim when she was a child.
g.
A: What’s wrong?
B: I …… (break) a glass.
I have broken
a glass.
h.
A: When …… (you/arrive)?
B: At 10 pm last night.
When did
you arrive?
i.
How long …… (you/know) Sarmila for?
How long have
you known Sarmila for?
j.
This is the first time I …… (drive) a car.
This is the first time
I have driven a car.
F. Use been or gone.
a.
I’ve never …… to Japan.
I’ve never been
to Japan.
b.
Kalpana has …… to Korea. She may come back next year.
Kalpana has gone
to Korea.
c.
A: Where’s Rachana?
B: She has …… to the shops.
She has gone
to the shops.
d.
Harina was here earlier but I think she has …… now.
Harina was here
earlier but I think she has gone now.
e.
Have you ever …… to London?
Have you ever been to London?
Extra Questions
Use the correct tense of the
verbs in brackets. Complete the
sentences with the appropriate verb in past simple or present perfect.
1) 1) ........... (Have you travelled
/ Did you travel) abroad many times?
2)
............. a holiday
recently?
3)
............. anything like
this before?
4)
............. painted the
bedroom yet?' 'Not yet. I'll finish it tomorrow.'
5)
............. your assignment
yet?
6) ......... last week's magazine?
– It must be here because I......... it on Monday. (you see, buy)
7)
............. yet? (your business
course – start)
8)
............. you
............. (watch) a film last night?
9)
............. you ever
............. (hear) such an unbelievable story?
10)
A: Hello B: Hi Mum, it’s me. I just
wanted to say I ............. (arrive) safely and everything is fine.
11)
A: What’s wrong? B: I
............. (break) a glass!
12)
A: When ............. (you /
arrive)? B: At 10pm last night.
13)
After he ............. (arrive)
home, he ............. (unpack) and ............. (go) to bed early.
14)
Bill ............. (work) in that
company for 3 years. (He still works there).
15)
Dinosaurs ............. around the
earth millions of years ago. (wander)
16)
Dusty ............. a match so far
this year. He is more successful than last year, when he ............. the
first three matches. (never lose, lose)
17)
He ............. (be) a teacher
before he ............. (become) a musician.
18)
He ............. (buy) me a
beautiful gift for my birthday.
19)
He ............. (live) in Rome
since he was a teenager.
20)
He ............. (see) that film
last year.
21)
He ............. off the ladder and
............. his ankle. That's why he ............. in school for a
while. (fall, break, not be)
22)
He loves gardening.
He............. a gardener all his life.
23)
He ............. (live) in
London for two years and then ............. (go) to Edinburgh.
24)
............. (wear) your hair
long when you were at school? Yes, my mother ............. (insist)
on it.
25)
But when I ........(leave) school I ...........(cut) my hair
and ..........(wear) it short ever since.
26)
Shakespeare .............
(write) a lot of plays.
27)
My
brother............. (write) several plays. He............. (just /
finish) his second tragedy.
28)
I ............. (fly) over
Loch Ness last week. ............. (you/see) the Loch Ness monster?
29)
I ............. (not see) him
for three years. I wonder where he is.
30)
He ............. (not smoke)
for two weeks. He is trying to give it up.
31)
Chopin .............
(compose) some of his music in Majorca.
32)
When ............. (arrive)?
He ............. (arrive) at 2.00.
33)
............. (you / lock) the
door before you left the house?
34)
I ............. (read) his
books when I was at school. I ............. (enjoy) them very much.
35)
I can't go out because I............. (not
finish) my work.
36)
I............. (never /
drink) whiskey.
37)
I............. (write) the
letter but I can't find a stamp.
38)
The clock is slow. It isn't slow,
it............. (stop).
39)
Here are your shoes;
I............. (just / clean) them.
40)
His parents ............. (be) here
yesterday.
41)
How long ............. (you / know)
Jill? I know you see her often.
42)
How long ............. she
............. (know) about this problem?
43)
How long....... that camera?
– About a month. I ...... it because it was on sale just before
Christmas. (you have, buy)
44)
I ............. (be) in London for
three years. I love it here.
45)
I ............. (have) some toast
when I got up.
46)
I ............. (know) about the
problem for months, but I ............. (not / find) a solution yet.
47)
I ............. (not see) you in
class last Friday.
48)
I ............. (read) that book.
It´s good.
49)
I ............. (see) the sea
before.
50)
I ............. (see) three police
cars this morning (it’s still morning).
51)
I ............. a cold in school a
few days ago and ............. ill ever since. (catch, be)
52)
I ............. volleyball since I
was a teenager. (not play)
53)
I am so excited to have a dog. I
............. (always / want) one.
54)
I stayed at home
and ............. TV all day long yesterday.
55)
I
............. a flat tyre and had to walk a long
distance yesterday.
56)
I
............. Mike yesterday.
57)
I
............. four books this month so far.
58)
I
............. in the shower when Jessica called me.
59)
I ............. in
Paris for two years before I moved to London.
60)
I ............. to Venice
before.
61)
I............. him
behave like this before.
62)
I............. much last
year, but I............. a lot this year.
63)
I’m really hungry. I .............
(haven’t eaten / didn’t eat) yet.
64)
I'm so tired. I ............. all
the way to the underground station. (walk)
65)
It was raining heavily, so
I ............. at home.
66)
Jack ............. (break) his arm
when he ............. (fall) off a horse in 2005.
67)
John ............. (not call) me
recently.
68)
Julie ............. (arrive)! Come
and say hello!
69)
Lucy ............. (break) her leg,
so she can’t come skiing.
70)
Maria ............. her suitcase
last night. (pack)
71)
Mr. Barnes is very important in this
company. He............. here for 30 years.
72)
Mr. Ryan
............. in his office from 5 to 6 PM yesterday.
73)
My grandparents only
...... (know) each other for a few months before they....... (get) married.
74)
My mother............. in
Scotland.
75)
My son ............. his
childhood in Canada.
76)
Nazis
............. Belgrade in 1941.
77)
Oh no! I
............. my car key.
78)
Our neighbour ............. (was /
has been) in hospital since Friday.
79)
Ow!,
she ............. her leg badly.
80)
Prices ............. up last year,
but they ............. by 8% already this year. (not go, increase)
81)
Shakespeare ............. (write)
over one hundred sonnets.
82)
She ............. (be) a teacher
for ten years, and she still enjoys it.
83)
She ............. in London for
three years. However, when her mom ............. , she
............. to Leeds and ............. there ever since. (live,
die, move, live)
84)
She loves Paris. She
............. (be) there many times.
85)
The books you ordered
............. The delivery service ............. them an hour ago.
(arrive, bring)
86)
The children ............. (break)
a window in the school last week.
87)
The house looks different.
............. you ............. (paint) it?
88)
The plane from New York
............. The passengers are getting out. (just land)
89)
The Queen ............. her
two-week tour through Australia yesterday. (start)
90)
The teacher ............. (not
return) the tests yet.
91)
The weather around here
............. terrible in the last few weeks. (be)
92)
They ............. (arrived / have
arrived) a week ago.
93)
They ............. (didn’t
recognise / haven’t recognised) me at yesterday’s meeting.
94)
They ............. (be) cold when
they ............. (arrive) home.
95)
They ............. (buy) a new car
last month.
96)
They ............. (go) to Germany
when he ............. (be) only 4.
97)
They ............. (go) to London
on holiday last summer.
98)
They ............. the factory. –
Really? When ............. (close, that happen)
99)
They ............. the
bridge yet, so we have to use the highway.
100)
This the the most delicious dish
I............. .
101)
We ............. (have worked /
worked) here for three years.
102)
We ............. last week.
We............. here for 5 days.
103)
We ............. (see) Julie last
night.
104)
We ............. a party at school
for ages. (not have)
105)
We ............. home from our
holidays and getting ready to settle in. (just come)
106)
We ............. wash the dishes.
They're all clean now. (help)
107)
When I was a child, I
............. (live) in England for two years.
108)
When the boss ............. (walk)
into the room, we ............. (know) someone was going to get fired.
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