Unit 1 Education and Humanity
Grammar
Word classes
Word Classes (Parts of Speech)
Noun : A noun is a word that
identifies a person, a thing, an idea, quality or state etc.
Verb : A
verb describes what a person or thing does or what happens.
Adjective : An
adjective is a word that describes a noun, giving
extra information about it. (determiners)
Adverb : An
adverb is a word that’s used to give information about a verb, adjective, or
other adverb.
Pronoun : Pronouns
are used in place of a noun that is already known or has already
been mentioned.
Preposition : A
preposition is a word such as after, in, to, on etc. and used
in front of nouns or pronouns.
Conjunction : Conjunctions
(connectives) are used to connect phrases, clauses, and sentences
such as and, because, but, when etc.
Exclamation : An exclamation
(interjection) is a word or phrase that expresses strong emotion, such
as surprise, pleasure, or anger and usually followed by an exclamation
mark (!).
(Determiner) : A determiner is
a word that introduces a noun, such as a/an, the, every, this, those, or many .
A.
Word class refers to the category of words of similar form or function. Another
name of word class is a parts of speech. In the text below, certain words are
underlined. While you read, try to identify which word class they belong to.
Most
governments around the world have temporarily
closed educational institutions in an attempt to contain the spread of the COVID-19
pandemic. These nationwide closures are impacting over 60% of the world’s
student population. Some 1 billion students and youth across the
planet are affected by school and university closures due to the
COVID-19 outbreak. Several other countries have implemented localized closures
impacting millions of additional learners. UNESCO is supporting countries in
their efforts to mitigate the immediate impact of school closures, particularly
for more vulnerable and disadvantaged communities, and to facilitate the
continuity of education for all through remote learning.
The
Global Education Coalition launched by UNESCO seeks to facilitate inclusive
learning opportunities for children and youth during this period of sudden and
unprecedented educational disruption. Investment in remote
learning should both mitigate the immediate disruption caused by
COVID-19 and establish approaches to develop more open and flexible education
systems for the future. The Global Coalition members and
prospective members are encouraged to pledge for the protection of learners’
personal information, privacy and security.
In
the text, the underlined words belong to different word classes or parts of
speech.
governments
-
noun
temporarily
- adverb
affected
-
verb
and
- conjunction
in
- preposition
immediate
- adjective
the
- determiner
B.
Classify the underlined words into different word classes.
a.
The man who is wearing glasses is my
uncle’s friend.
who-
pronoun
wearing-
verb
my-
determiner
b.
I bought a round table in the supermarket.
round-
adjective
the-
determiner
c.
Alas, she is dead.
Alas-
interjection
d.
Hari works very hard all the time but his wife
is very lazy.
hard-
adverb
wife-
noun
very-
adverb
but
- conjunction
e.
I have never been to Japan.
never-
adverb
C.
Read a paragraph of an English newspaper and make a list of about 20 words.
Categorize them into different ‘Word classes’. You can refer to the grammar
book for help.
Two years ago, the then 17-year-old girl approached
the District Police Women and Children Service Centre in Banke with a complaint
against her cousin who she said was making inappropriate advances towards her.
The girl alleged that the man under the pretext of being family took advantage
of her sexually.
But when the accused was brought to the police, he outright denied any
wrongdoing. He said he was only teasing the girl and since she was his cousin,
it was not a big deal, said Shyam Kumari Thapa, the then chief at the centre.
“The man insisted that he had done no wrong, that he
was only fooling around with his cousin,” said Thapa. “But when a man as much
as looks at a woman in a way that makes the woman uncomfortable is punishable
by law. But this man was adamant that he had done no wrong in making advances
at his cousin,” she said.
The victim persisted in her allegations but soon had
to withdraw her complaint under immense family pressure. “Her family didn’t
understand what she was going through. They put pressure on her to withdraw her
complaint and to not register a police case against her cousin to save the man
from disgrace,” said Thapa.
Thapa says she was determined to proceed with the
case but she was not successful. “We were unable to help the victim. How could
we have when she changed her statement albeit under coercion?” said Thapa.
“Under our existing laws, any act of touching, looking, speaking with sexual
undertones is categorised as sexual abuse. The perpetrator can be jailed
between a minimum of three months and a maximum three years based on the nature
of such cases,” she said. But in this case, law enforcement could not take
action since the victim withdrew her verbal complaint and refused to register a
formal complaint against her cousin. “They went for an out-of-court settlement.
This is not a solitary case where women are forced to retract their complaints
against their perpetrators by their family.”
A few weeks ago, the chief administrative officer
and accounts officer of Khajura Rural Municipality in Banke were accused of
sexually abusing a female employee. It was reported that the duo sexually
abused the female employee, who is in her mid-thirties, while on a picnic at
Tikapur in Kailali. The victim, a medical doctor by profession, informed police
verbally about the abuse but later withdrew her complaint. “The victim signed
an agreement with the accused to settle the case. She did not register a
written complaint against her abusers so we could not take any action,” said
Deputy Superintendent of Police in Banke Madhu Sudan Neupane.
The alleged sexual abuse of the woman came to the
public’s notice five days after the incident when some women picketed the rural
municipality office, demanding legal action against the accused.
According to police, the cases of sexual
abuse are weak and the accused are usually let free because the victims
withdraw their complaints on their own accord or under pressure from family.
Ekmaya BK, the vice-chairman of Khajura Rural
Municipality, who is also the coordinator of the judicial committee at the
local level, says most cases of sexual abuse and violence against women end up
getting closed since the complainants reach a compromise with the accused.
According to human rights advocate Basanta Gautam,
any sort of sexual abuse warrants the case to be registered as a criminal case.
“There is no law to “settle” such cases once they are registered with the
police,” said Gautam. “But in most cases, the victims of sexual abuse are
forced to settle the cases before the legal procedure begins. That is why so
many cases of sexual abuse go unreported,” he said.
According to Dilsara Rana, the chief at the woman
cell of the District Police Office in Banke, around 90 percent of cases
involving sexual abuse of women end in “agreement” between the
victims and accused. “The perpetrators do not face legal action as the victims
do not file a police complaint against them. Even when the victims have filed a
verbal complaint, they do not follow it up with a written one due to pressures
from the family and society,” said Rana.
Three years ago, the ward chairman of Nepalgunj
Sub-metropolitan City-8 harassed a Banke-based female journalist, who is in her
late 30s, by posting profane posts on social media. The victim, who asked
for anonymity since she does not want to relive the experience in retrospect,
was mentally stressed. She informed the police but her husband, who is a
political leader, asked her to not register a complaint against the ward chair.
“Even rights activists and our neighbours urged me to not file a case with the
police. The ward chair apologised to me and I was under pressure to accept it,”
she said.
“Only 10 percent cases of sexual abuse are reported.
In 90 percent of cases, the victims approach us and lodge verbal complaints but
they retract their statement and do not lodge a formal complaint with the
police,” said Rana, chief at the woman cell of the District Police Office.
“This happens mostly under duress from family and community,” she said.
[https://kathmandupost.com/province-no-5/2021/12/20/cases-of-sexual-abuse-of-women-go-unreported-in-banke]
abuse :
noun
administrative :
adjective
against : preposition
ago :
adverb
alleged :
adjective
cases :
noun
but :
conjunction
complaints :
noun
deal :
verb
experience :
noun
inappropriate :
adjective
outright :
adjective
procedure : noun
said :
verb
so :
adverb
Under :
preposition
no : exclamation
when :
adverb
while :
conjunction
withdraw : verb
Extra Questions
A. Identify
the part of speech of the word in the bold.
1. She writes meaningless articles.
2. Katherine
loves weekends in the countryside.
3. I won the trophy.
4. Yummy! This tastes incredibly good.
5. The glass fell and broke.
6. Belgian chocolates are famous all across the
world.
7. There are three dogs at the park.
8. The warden really
admires her a lot.
9. Newton’s Law of Gravitation is an important concept.
10. Birds sing a melodious song every morning.
11. She runs a great boutique in the old market.
12. Happiness is a beautiful emotion.
13. She agreed for the
marriage herself.
14. Such was her understanding.
15. Bobo is an adorable puppy.
16. Twenty chairs are arranged for the meeting.
17. I met a homeless girl in Amsterdam.
18. Whose car is parked in the no parking zone?
19. Why are you laughing?
20. Anthony hit a home run in the last match.
21. She bought new shoes.
22. He placed the
flower vase by the window.
23. Leave whichever you don’t want.
24. Rob eats only when he is hungry.
25. What did you just
say, Huh?
26. Kids play various games during their recess.
27. Riya yelled when he hit her toe.
28. Fasiha always arrives early.
29. The weather
is terribly cold.
30. The dog started
running excitedly.
31. Zoe answered all
the questions correctly.
32. She received a
package from her friend.
33. Neither black nor gray looks better on him.
34. The dog swam at the lake.
35. Considering her age, Martha did a great job.
36. Wow! What a beautiful car!
37. I went to a
mall where I spotted a clown.
38. Her father came
here so that she could meet him.
39. Once upon a time, there lived a little prince.
40. The artist mixed
two colors, in order to achieve the
perfect shade.
41. She saw a cute
puppy while driving the car.
42. Bless you! I could not have achieved my target
without your support.
43. Great! You rescued the poor kitten.
44. They located the
key for the lock.
45. She purchased a
notebook and a set of brushes.
46. The lunch party
went bad.
47. Alas! They won the match after a huge struggle.
48. Cambridge and Harvard are two famous universities.
49. Claudia
coughed loudly to gather
attention.
50. That was a difficult question.
B. Identify
the part of speech of the word in the bold.
1. She was wearing really beautiful earrings.
2. Wow, you have got a great score.
3. The baby crawled under the bed.
4. She quickly packed her bag and
left.
5. This is a depressing time to be
living in London as people are arguing over the election.
6. Take your first left then go
over the bridge.
7. There is a party next week though I
don’t think I can go.
8. He thinks we will arrive at
roughly 5pm.
9. The music is very loud.
10. He goes to Spain often not only for
the sun but also for the food.
11. Today, I will wear my yellow skirt.
12. No, you may not climb onto the roof.
13. This warm bath will feel good
on my legs.
14. This is a good movie.
15. Throw the ball as hard as you
can.
16. I am extremely excited for our
trip to Costa Rica.
17. Should we stay in a hotel or in
a youth hostel?
18. Where is my suitcase?
19. Your suitcase is in the closet.
20. Let's make cookies!
21. The girl who is
sitting in the front row is Sam’s sister.
22. My work is easy.
23. I work in London.
24. John came but Mary didn't come.
25. Everyone came but Mary.
26. Are you well?
27. She speaks well.
28. Well! That's expensive!
29. We ate in the afternoon.
30. We had afternoon tea.
31.
If you had a time machine, which year would you visit?
32.
It was clear to everyone that the vote would be close.
33.
It would be good to sleep, even for just a little bit.
34.
It would have been better if you had waited yesterday.
35.
It would have been nice if you had helped me a little.
36.
John asked Mary whether she would like to go shopping.
37.
No matter what I did, Ken wouldn't do what I told him.
38.
Personally, I think it would be a mistake to hire Tom.
39.
She turned her face away so he wouldn't see her tears.
40.
Such a proposal would only be turned down immediately.
41.
That doesn't seem like the kind of thing Tom would do.
42.
The lawyer said he would speak on behalf of Mr. Smith.
43.
This large sofa would be out of place in a small room.
44.
Tom promised he would tell us as soon as Mary arrived.
45.
Tom thought it would be best if Mary stayed with John.
46.
Tom told Mary he wouldn't do what she asked him to do.
47.
Tom would be a better teacher if he were more patient.
48.
Tom would've called Mary if he'd had her phone number.
49.
Tom wouldn't have done that if we hadn't asked him to.
50.
What would happen if you didn't go to school tomorrow?
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