Unit 5. Education
Connectives
Connectives are the conjunctions / joining words
that combine two or more words and sentences into one. They are of different
kinds like the connectives of reason, purpose, result, condition, concession
(allowance, compromise), comparison, etc. now we will learn to join pairs of
sentences using the following connectives.
1.
Reason
Connectives:
A
reason connective joins an action with its reason. The connectives are because,
as, since and because of.
A.
because as
since:
Action + because / as / since +
reason (s + v + o)
Rina passes every exam because/as/
since she
always studies hard.
Action reason (s + v + o)
B.
because of:
Action
+ because of + reason (noun phrase)
Rina
passes every exam because of hard study.
2.
Purpose
connectives:
A
purpose connective combines an action with its purpose. A purpose is like a
reason / cause but not exactly same. The connectives are to in order to so that.
a.
to in order to
Action + to/in order to
+ V1 (purpose) …..
I am doing this work until midnight to
/ in order to publish
the book in time.
Action V1
(purpose)
b.
so that
Action + so that +
purpose statement/ clause (s + v + o) ….
I am doing this work
until midnight so
that we can publish the book
in time.
3.
Connective of
unexpected result:
The connectives of
unexpected result join a situation and an unexpected result. The connectives
are though
although even though in spite of
and despite.
A. though
although eventhough
Though/ although/
eventhough + situation (s + v + o), + unexpective result
Although he is lazy, everybody likes him.
Situation (svo) unexpective result
B.
In spite of / despite:
In spite of / despite +
situation (noun phrase), + unexpected result
In spite of / despite his
laziness, everybody
likes him.
Situation (NP) unexpected result
4.
therefore/ so:
Reason + therefore/so +
result
Bina is honest and patience; therefore/
so, she
can adjust in the new situation.
Reason result
These connectives are
quite opposite of reason connectives because of the result and reason
inversion:
Bina can adjust in the new situation because she is honest and
patience.
Result
reason
(statement)
5. However:
‘However’ is used with
the second statement when it is contrary to the first statement.
First statement +
however + second statement
The boys were naughty; however, the teacher did not punish them.
6.
Relative clauses:
Who, whom, whose,
which, where and what are the relative pronoun. Relative pronouns make a clause
to say something about the persons or things preceded by them. So, they act as
adjectives too.
a)
Who is
used for a person as the subjective case (for Sila, he, she, they, etc…).
Samjhana is my own sister. Samjhana lives in Chitwan.
Samjhana who lives in Chitwan is my own sister.
Person + Who + verb ……… This
is the man who saved Kshitiz.
b)
Whom is used for a
person as the objective case. Now ‘Who’ can be used in the place of ‘Whom’
(Rahul, Nila, Maya, him, her, them, etc……)
Hari was our boss. You are talking about him.
Hari whom you are talking about was our boss.
Person + whom/ who + subject … the
students who/m we taught passed with distinction.
c) Whose is also used for
a person as the possessive case (for Ramjan’s, Sita’s, her, his, their, etc…) :
Nikita is a very helpful fellow. I have borrowed her car
for many times.
Nikita whose car I have borrowed for many times is a very
helpful fellow.
Person + whose + noun … I don’t like Muna whose mind is always negative.
d) Which is used for a
thing or an animal as the subjective and objective case (for book, books, pen,
pots, television, cow, dog, it, them, they, etc….). ‘Which’ can also be used as
the relative pronoun for a place when the place is used as the subject or
object in the sentence?
Yesterday I bought a pen. The pen is useful for my kids.
Yesterday I bought a book which is useful for my kids.
Nepalgunj is a polluted city. Nepalgunj is a municipality.
Nepalgunj which is the municipality is a polluted city.
Things/ animals + which + …. The pen which you gifted me writes swiftly.
e) Where is used as the relative pronoun for a place as a
place adverb (like: in Kathmandu, in Nepal, in a village, at Nepalgunj, here,
there, etc…..):
Gorkha is an ancient town. Mostly Chhetry people live here.
Gorkha where mostly Chhetry people live is an ancient town.
Place + where + … This
is the school where I studied.
f) What is used for the things/sayings as the subjective or
objective cases.
You should not forget the
things. Teachers told you the things.
You should not forget what teachers told you.
Generally a verb/ an adjective + what
+ … He
said what was fake.
g.
Some more
examples:
|
when |
When he passed SLC,
he became very happy. |
|
after |
After he wore school
uniform, he went to school. |
|
as soon as |
As soon as he wore
school uniform, he went to school. |
|
while |
While they were
playing football, a cow came into school. |
|
before |
He wore school
uniform before he went to school. |
|
until |
Krishna slept in the
bus until he reached Pokhara. |
|
and |
He plays football and
cricket. |
|
as well as |
Suziet as well as his
friends visited the zoo. |
|
but |
Ram goes to school
but his sister doesn’t. |
|
either…or |
I shall either go to
market or watch television. |
|
neither…nor |
He can neither read
nor write. |
|
not only…but also |
Not only teacher but
also mother loves me very much. |
|
if |
If I were a bird, I
would fly in the sky. |
|
unless |
Unless you take your
medicine, you won’t get better. |
|
whether …or not |
Whether he helped me
or not, I would help him. |
|
thinking that |
I called her thinking
that she was my friend’s sister. |
|
hoping that |
The beggar sat by the
street hoping that people would give him some money. |
|
so … that |
The sum is so
difficult that I can’t do it. |
|
why |
I don’t know why he
left the school. |
|
how |
I don’t know how he
passed the exam. I know how to cook fish. |
|
as ….as |
Sassy runs as fast as
her friend does. |
|
than |
He works harder than
his friends do. |
|
both …and |
Both Rosy and Milan
spoke at the meeting. |
|
as long as |
As long as he was
with his parents, he was very happy. |
A. Study the following sentences and underline the connectives.
a. Although she
spoke very fast, I understood what she meant to say.
Although she
spoke very fast, I understood what she meant to say.
b. In
spite of her hard labour, she failed her exam.
In
spite of her hard labour, she failed her
exam.
c. Though he
had all the required qualifications, he did not get the job.
Though he
had all the required qualifications, he did not get the job.
d. Despite having
all the qualifications, he did not get the job.
Despite having
all the qualifications, he did not get the job.
B. Join the following pairs of sentences twice, using
a/though/though/even though and despite/in spite of as in the example.
Example:
Nepali
people have limited income. They are very happy.
i.
Although Nepali people have limited income, they are happy.
ii.
Nepali people are happy in spite of their limited income.
a.
He is a millionaire. He lives in a simple house.
i)
Although he is a millionaire, he lives in a simple house.
ii)
In spite of his richness, he lives in a simple house.
b.
The weather was extremely bad. The pilot landed the plane safely.
i)
Even though the weather was extremely bad, the pilot landed the plane
safely.
ii)
Despite the bad weather, the pilot landed the plane safely.
c.
We study in the same college. We hardly see each other.
i)
Although we study in the same college, we hardly see each other.
ii)
Despite studying in the same college, we hardly see each other.
d.
It rained heavily. We enjoyed our holiday.
i)
Although it rained heavily, we enjoyed our holiday.
ii)
In spite of heavy rain, we enjoyed out holiday.
e.
I had an umbrella. I got wet in the rain.
i)
Although I had an umbrella, got wet in the rain.
ii)
In spite of having an umbrella, I got wet in the rain.
f.
I was really tired. I could not sleep a moment.
i)
Even though I was really tired, I could not sleep a moment.
ii.
Despite the tiredness, I could not sleep a moment.
g.
She has very good accent in English. She failed the interview of
newsreader.
i)
Although she has very good accent in English, she failed the interview of
newsreader.
ii)
In spite of very good accent in English, she failed the interview of
newsreader.
h.
Lhasa has extremely cold weather in winher. Millions of tourists go there in January.
i)
Although Lhasa has extremely cold weather in winter, millions of tourists go
there in January.
ii)
In spite of extremely cold weather, millions of tourists go Lhasa in
January.
i.
He was badly injured in the first round of the boxing match. He was victorious
in the third round.
i)
Although he was badly injured in the first round of the boxing match, he was
victorious in the third round.
ii)
In spite of his injury in the first round of the boxing match, he was
victorious in the third round.
C. Complete each sentences in an appropriate way.
a.
He passed the exam although.........................
He
passed the exam although he did not study much.
b. She climbed the mountain in spite of her..................
She
climbed the mountain in spite of her illness.
c. He didn't give any alms to the beggars even though.........................
He
didn't give any alms to the beggars even though he was very kind.
d. In spite of his poor eyesight, .........................
In
spite of his poor eyesight, he could read books very well.
e. .........................though she is very sociable.
She
doesn't have any friends though she is very sociable.
f. .........................in spite of his ten attempts.
He
didn't pass the exam in spite of his ten attempts.
g. He refused to eat anything despite.........................
He
refused to eat anything despite his hunger.
h. He could not score good grades in the SEE exams in spite of.........................
He
could not score good grades in the SEE exams in spite of his hard endeavors.
i. She accepted the job although.........................
She
accepted the job although she didn't like it.
j. Even though we had planned everything carefully, ..........................
Even
though we had planned everything carefully, we failed.
Extra Questions
Combine the following sentences using the words given in brackets or
fill in the blanks with appropriate connectives.
1)
1) ……….his poverty, he helps the poor. (However, In spite of, Although)2) ………his negligence, he passed the exam. (In spite of, Because of , Because)3) ………we had planned everything carefully, many things went wrong. (although / in spite of / because /because of)4) By next year, I'll have finished school and………you. (so, neither)5) Dad saved money ………buy his children Christmas presents. (in case - in order to - so that)6) Did you understand …………he told you that story? (what, when, why, because, who, where, and, but or that)7) Gautam Buddha was born in Lumbini …………is a holy place. (which, where, who)8) Gautam Buddha was born in Lumbini …………is a holy place. (which, where, who)9) He always thinks …………he is so clever. (what, when, why, because, who, where, and, but or that)10) He brought a camera with him ……….taking photographs of the events. (to , for, because)11) He brought a camera with him ……….taking photographs of the events. (to , for, because)12) He could not go anywhere ………his wife following him. (without, so that, because)13) He didn't believe …………I said, …………annoyed me very much. (what, which)14) He didn't know the language, …………made it very difficult for him to get around. (what, which)15) He didn't pay any attention to his demands and …………we. (so, neither)16) He has not returned the call……………I have telephoned him twice. (so that, although, because)17) He has not returned the call……………I have telephoned him twice. (so that, although, because)18) He is the boy …………….I like. (who, whom, whose)19) He is the boy …………….I like. (who, whom, whose)20) He passed the exam …………he hadn't studied very much. (although / in spite of / because /because of)21) He tried to hide the broken glass …………Mom wouldn't punish him. (in case - in order to - so that)22) He wasn't surprised at …………he saw because I told him …………to expect. (what, which)23) He will get the job ……….……he passes his exam first. (although, so that, provided)24) He would not believe me, ……….……worried me very much. (although, so that, which)25) His wife has recently passed away ………..he is under a deep stress. (despite, however, therefore)26) His wife has recently passed away ………..he is under a deep stress. (despite, however, therefore)27) Hurry up, ……… you're going to miss your plane ! (although, otherwise, because)28) I ate a lot …………my stomach ache. (although / in spite of / because / because of)29) I ate nothing …………... I was hungry. (because, in spite of , however)30) I ate nothing …………... I was hungry. (because, in spite of , however)31) I closed the door in my room …………be able to work properly. (in case - in order to - so that)32) I couldn't get to sleep …………the noise. (although / in spite of / because /because of)33) I did …………I could, …………wasn't a lot. (what, which)34) I didn't feel lonely ……….……I had a lot of friends who could help me.35) I didn't get the job …………I had all the necessary qualifications. (although / in spite of / because /because of)36) I don’t like the stories ……….……….have unhappy endings. (who, which, where)37) I don’t like the stories ……….……….have unhappy endings. (who, which, where)38) I have never accepted a bribe form anyone and …………my partner. (so, neither)39) I have never been abroad and …………my sister. (so, neither)40) I helped him ……….……my problems. (however, therefore, despite)41) I helped him ……….……my problems. (however, therefore, despite)42) I like Sally, …………I don't like Bob. (what, when, why, because, who, where, and, but or that)43) I managed to get some sleep ……….……there was a lot of noise. (although / in spite of / because /because of)44) I met the writer ……….……latest book you are reading. (whose, so that, because)45) I was not really interested in …………he was talking about. (what, when, why, because, who, where, and, but or that)46) I was very happy ……….……all my old friends were living there.47) I went home early ……….……I was not feeling well. (although / in spite of / because /because of)48) I went to work the next day ……….……I was feeling unwell. (although / in spite of / because /because of)49) I will send you back your money ……….……I find a job. (although, as soon as, because)50) I wonder ……….……they'll come or not. (although, so that, whether)51) ……….……I have lived here for years, I don't know the neighbourhood yet. (though, so that, because)52) I'll give you a map……….……you'll be able to find yourself around. (in case - in order to - so that)53) I'm not a very energetic person and……….……my brother. (so, neither)54) I'm sure that……….……you say is true. (what, which)55) In detective stories the murderer is always caught, ……….……doesn't happen in real life. (what, which)56) In hospitals they wake patients at 5 o'clock, ……….……is much too early. (what, which)57) In our house lives a man …………is a detective. (what, when, why, because, who, where, and, but or that)58) In the morning I always have coffee …………toast. (what, when, why, because, who, where, and, but or that)59) Is this the hotel …………we stayed last year? (what, when, why, because, who, where, and, but or that)60) It was great ……….……it made me feel at home.61) Living there has many advantages, ……….……there are problems.62) My sister gave up smoking ……….……save some money. (in case - in order to - so that)63) Nayan arrived half an hour late ……………she attempted all the questions. (although, in spite of, however)64) Nayan arrived half an hour late ……………she attempted all the questions. (although, in spite of, however)65) She accepted the job……….……the salary, which was rather low. (although / in spite of / because /because of)66) She had come there in order to dance, and dance she did, ……….……her ugly stepsisters had to sit and watch her enviously since nobody asked them to dance. (although, whereas, because)67) You can go out tonight ……….……you don't come back too late. (as long as, so that, because)68) She has never gone been in London and……….……her sister. (so, neither)69) She is happy …………her cake tastes good. (what, when, why, because, who, where, and, but or that)70) She likes her …………she is always friendly. (what, when, why, because, who, where, and, but or that)71) She only accepted the job……….……the salary, which was very high. (although / in spite of / because /because of)72) She studies day and night …………she can pass the exam in the first division. (although, so that, because)73) She studies day and night …………she can pass the exam in the first division. (although, so that, because)74) She took a taxi ……….……she might arrive on time. (although, so that, because)75) She was with us; ………., I did not talk to her. (therefore, although, however)76) She was with us; ………., I did not talk to her. (therefore, although, however)77) Sima could not attend her school ………….her illness. (because, because of, therefore)78) Sima could not attend her school ………….her illness. (because, because of, therefore)79) Students go to school ………….………read and write. (so that, to , for)80) Students go to school ………….………read and write. (so that, to , for)81) Tell me …………you can come. (what, when, why, because, who, where, and, but or that)82) That's the longest test …………we have ever written. (what, when, why, because, who, where, and, but or that)83) That's the painting …………my father bought last year. (what, when, why, because, who, where, and, but or that)84) The clock struck 13, ……….……made everyone laugh. (what, which)85) The film is long and boring ……….……the book is thrilling and well-written. (whereas, so that, because)86) The key is in the drawer ……….……you need it. (in case - in order to - so that)87) The pizza was burnt and ……….……the garlic bread. (so, neither)88) The teachers let the students use pocket calculators ……….……they can finish in time. (in case, in order to, so that)89) The young girl stayed out until one, ……….……her godmother had been very clear as to the consequences of her actions. (although, so that, because)90) There was no directory in the phone booth, ……….……meant that I had to go somewhere else. (what, which)91) They spend ages trying to prove themselves ……….……getting accepted.92) They were very friendly ……….……I felt at home.93) This is my mobile number ……….……you have to call me. (in case - in order to - so that)94) This is the book ………………...I wanted. (when, whom, that)95) This is the boy …………... I like. (where, whom, which)96) This is the house ……….…I was born. (which, who, where)97) This is the house …………I've lived for 9 years. (what, when, why, because, who, where, and, but or that)98) We stopped doing homework ………....the light went out. (to , although, because)99) You will be punished for …………….you have done. (what, when, while)
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