Glossary | 1. Introduction to Language Studies | NEB Grade XII | Major English

 

An Introduction to Language and Linguistics

 

I. Introduction to Language Studies

 

Glossary

 

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accent	pronunciation	उच्चारण
acceptable	appropriate	स्वीकार्य
acquired	obtained	अधिग्रहण गरेको
adaptation	modification	अनुकूलन
addition	extra	थप
affixes	attaches at beginning	जोड्नु
analysis	assessment	विश्लेषण
analyzing	examining	विश्लेषण गर्दै
ancestor	predecessor	पुर्खा
ancestry	descent	वंश
ancient	primeval	पुरानो
anthropology	the science of human beings	मानवविज्ञान
applied	used	लागू गर्नु
approach	methodology	दृष्टिकोण
approximately	roughly	लगभग
articulatory	relating to the formation of speech sounds	उच्चारण
associated	related	सम्बन्धित
assumed	supposed	अनुमान गरिएको
assumption	hypothesis	धारणा
authorities	agencies	अधिकारीहरू
belonging	related	सम्बन्धित
bilinguals	expressed in two languages	द्विभाषीहरू
borrow	copy	उधारो
bride	wife-to-be	दुलही
broadening	expanding	विस्तार गर्दै
census	population count	जनगणना
classifying	grouping	वर्गीकरण गर्दै
clause	phrase	खण्ड
cluster	group	समुह
colonialism	colonization	उपनिवेशवाद
communicate	convey	सञ्चार गर्ने
communication	interaction	संचार
comparative	relative	तुलनात्मक
compile	collect	जम्मा गर्नु
components	elements	अवयवहरू
comprehensible	understandable	बुझ्न सकिने
comrade	fellow	कमरेड
concentrated	focused	केन्द्रित
concerned	related	चिन्तित
conclusions	assumptions	निष्कर्ष
considerably	significantly	पर्याप्त रूपमा
consists of	entails of	समावेश गर्नु
consonant	a basic speech sound	व्यञ्जन
constitution	composition	मिलान
construction	formation	निर्माण
contemporary	current	समकालीन
continent	mainland	महादेश
controversial	provocative	विवादास्पद
convincing	persuasive	विश्वस्त
coordination	management	समन्वय
correspondences	messages	पत्राचार
counterparts	equivalents	समकक्षी
creole	a person who speak mixed dialect of two languages	मिश्रित भाषा
creolization	to cause a pidginized language to become a creole in a speech community	क्रियोलाइजेसन
cross-border	international	सीमापार
curricula	courses	पाठ्यक्रम
dead language	extinct language	मृत भाषा
decline	fall	अस्वीकार
deliberate	intentional	जानाजानी
democratic movements	autonomous movements	लोकतान्त्रिक आन्दोलनहरू
demonstrated	exhibited	प्रदर्शन गरे
derived	obtained	व्युत्पन्न
descended	come from	झरेको
descriptive	explanatory	वणर्नात्मक
determines	defines	निर्धारण गर्नु
deviation	difference	बिचलन
dialect	vernacular	बोली
differed	contrasted	फरक हुनु
digitize	digitalize	डिजिटल
disappear	vanish	गायब
discover	find out	पत्ता लगाउनु
distinctive features	unique characteristics	विशिष्ट सुविधाहरू
distributed	issued	वितरित
diverged	differed	भिन्न हुनु
diverse	various	विविध
diversity	variety	विविधता
documented	recognized	दस्तावेज
domains	areas	क्षेत्र
dominant	leading	प्रभावशाली
dominantly	prominently	प्रबल रूपमा
encyclopedia	book	विश्वकोश
endangered	vanishing	खतरामा परेको
ensuing	consequent	आगामी
entire	whole	सम्पूणर्
ethnic groups	indigenous groups	जातीय समूह
ethnologue	an encyclopedic reference work cataloging all of the world’s 7,111 known living languages	एथनोलोग
evidence	proof	प्रमाण
excluding	apart from	बाहेक
existence	survival	अस्तित्व
expanded	extended	विस्तार गर्नु
extends	widens	विस्तार गर्नु
extensive	vast	व्यापक
extensively	highly	व्यापक रूपमा
extinct	wiped out	विलुप्त
extinction	elimination	विलुप्त हुनु
features	characteristics	विशेषताहरु
for instance	for example	उदाहरण को रुपमा
forms	constructs	फारमहरू
frequently	repeatedly	बारम्बार
generation	age group	पुस्ता
genetic affiliation	innate connection	आनुवंशिक सम्बद्धता
genetic or genealogical	hereditary or ancestral	आनुवंशिक वा वंशावली
geographic	geographical	भौगोलिक
gradual	ongoing	क्रमिक
grammatical	linguistic	व्याकरणीय
hypercorrection	use of an erroneous word form or pronunciation based on a false analogy with a correct or prestigious form	सुधार
hypothesis	assumption	परिकल्पना
identity	uniqueness	पहिचान
idiolect	dialect	इडियोलेक्ट
impose	compel	थोपाउने
improved	enhanced	सुधारिएको
indigenous	aboriginal	स्वदेशी
inflections	change in the form of a word to express a grammatical function	परिवर्तन गर्नु
influence	impact	प्रभाव
inherently	innately	स्वाभाविक रूपमा
interact	cooperate	अन्तरक्रिया
intermarriage	endogamy	अन्तरविवाह
inversion	reversal	उल्टो
isolate	separate	अलग गर्नु
judiciary	courts	न्यायपालिका
known	renowned	ज्ञात
language death	language fall	भाषाको पतन
language shift	language change	भाषा परिवर्तन
lexical	vocabulary	लेक्सिकल
linguistic	relating to language or linguistics	भाषिक
linguistic awareness	linguistic consciousness	भाषिक जागरूकता
linguistic expression	linguistic statement	भाषिक अभिव्यक्ति
linguistically	lingually	भाषिक रूपमा
linguistics	scientific study of language	भाषाविज्ञान
literary	scholarly	साहित्यिक
literature	writings, compositions	साहित्य
local languages	regional languages	स्थानीय भाषाहरू
makeshift	temporary	अस्थायी
marginal	insignificant	सीमान्त
mass media	main means of mass communication	मास मिडिया
metropolitan	city	महानगर
migrated	transferred	बसाइँ सरेको
minority	marginal	अल्पसंख्यक
mixed languages	combined languages	मिश्रित भाषाहरू
morpheme	a meaningful morphological unit of a language that cannot be further divided (e.g. in, come, -ing, forming incoming)	मोर्फिम
morphological	relating to the forms of words, in particular inflected forms	रूपात्मक
morphology	study of the forms of things	आकारविज्ञान
mother tongues	native languages	मातृभाषाहरू
motto	slogan	आदर्श वाक्य
multilingual	in or using several languages	बहुभाषी
municipalities	cities	नगरपालिकाहरु
narrowing	limiting	संकुचित गर्दै
native languages	local languages	मातृभाषाहरू
neutral	impartial	तटस्थ
objective	factual	उद्देश्य
occupation	career	पेशा
occur	happen	उत्पन्न हुनु
official language	formal language	आधिकारिक भाषा
originally	initially	मूल रूपमा
originated	derived	उत्पत्ति भएको
origins	roots	उत्पत्ति
overall	generally	कुल मिलाएर
partially	partly	आंशिक रूपमा
particular	specific	विशेष
particularly	mostly	खास गरी
phenomenon	fact	घटना
philologists	a person who specializes in philology, the study of literary texts and written records	फिलोलोजिस्ट
phonological	relating to the system of contrastive relationships among the speech sounds that constitute the fundamental components of a language	ध्वन्यात्मक
phrase	group of word	वाक्यांश
pidgin	lingua franca	पिडजिन
pidginization	a linguistic process that occurs when people who do not speak the same language come into contact	कुराकानीको माध्ययम
pitch	tone	पिच
plurality	variety	बहुलता
preceding	previous	अघिल्लो
preserve	protect	जोगाउनु
prestige	reputation	प्रतिष्ठा
prestigious	influential	प्रतिष्ठित
procedures	methods	प्रक्रियाहरू
processes	procedures	प्रक्रियाहरू
pronunciation	accent	उच्चारण
queries	questions	प्रश्नहरू
reasoning	logic	तर्क
reconstructed	modernized	पुनर्निर्माण गरियो
reduction	lessening	कमी
reference	reference book	सन्दर्भ
referred	suggested	सन्दर्भ गरिएको
register	a register is a variety of language used for a particular purpose or in a particular communicative situation	दर्ता गर्नु
regularization	regulation	नियमितीकरण
remarkable	extraordinary	उल्लेखनीय
respectively	separately	क्रमशः
scientific	systematic	वैज्ञानिक
scripts	texts	लिपिहरू
segregation	discrimination	अलगाव
semantic	relating to meaning in language or logic	अर्थपूणर्
serves restricted	operates confined	प्रतिबन्धित सेवा दिनु
significant	important	महत्त्वपूणर्
significantly	notably	उल्लेखनीय रूपमा
simplification	generalization	सरलीकरण
simplified	shortened	सरलीकृत
Sinitic	Sinitic language	सिनिटिक
sloop	a small square-rigged sailing warship with two or three masts	स्लोप डुङ्गा
smuggle	operating	तस्करी
sociolinguistics	study of language in relation to social factors, including differences of regional, class, and occupational dialect, gender differences, and bilingualism	सामाजिक भाषाविज्ञान
sociology	the study of the development, structure, and functioning of human society	समाजशास्त्र
souvenir	memento	स्मारिका
speakers	presenters	वक्ताहरू
speculated	hypothesized	अनुमान गरिएको
speech rhythm	the arrangement of spoken words alternating stressed and unstressed elements	बोली लय
spelling	what is meant by a word, text, concept, or action	हिज्जे
spontaneous	natural	सहज
spread	scattered	फैलाउने
stable	durable	स्थिर
structure	formation	संरचना
subgroups	subcategories	उपसमूहहरू
substantial	considerable	पर्याप्त
sudden	abrupt	अचानक
syntactic	the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language	व्याकरणीय
syntax	language rules, grammar	वाक्य रचना
systematic	methodical	व्यवस्थित
tendency	trend	प्रवृत्ति
territories	regions	क्षेत्रहरू
transformation	change	रूपान्तरण
typological	of or relating to typology or types	विधागत
undergone	go through	छिर्नु
unevenly	irregularly	असमान रूपमा
universally	completely	विश्वव्यापी रूपमा
unknown languages	unidentified languages	अज्ञात भाषाहरू
variants	variations	विविधता
variation	difference	भिन्नता
variety	range	विविधता
visible	noticeable	देखिने
vocabulary	terminology	शब्दावली
voice quality	voice feature	आवाज गुणस्तर
warfare	conflict	युद्ध
weighty	heavy	वजनदार
widely	broadly	व्यापक रूपमा