Unit - 2: Family
Working with words
A. Find words from the text and solve the puzzle. Clues are
given below.
ACROSS
1.
the custom having more than one wife at the same time - Polygamy
5.
to find acceptable way of dealing with opposing ideas, needs etc. - Solution
6.
the process at which towns, streets, etc. are built where there was once
countryside - Urbanization
7.
the process in which somebody learns to behave in an acceptable way in their
society - Socialization
DOWN
1.
ruled or controlled by men - Patriarchal
2.
the act of taking over a position - Domination
3.
done in a way without caring if people are shocked - Blatant
4.
single-parent - Lone Parent
B. Find the meanings of the following family-related words and use
them in your own sentences.
Nuclear
family
A
couple and their dependent children, regarded as a basic social unit.
Sentence:
Children
in a nuclear family may be the couple’s biological
or adopted offspring.
Monogamy
The
practice of marrying or state of being married to one person at a time.
Sentence:
Monogamy is
common among birds.
Sibling-in-law
A relative of
one's generation, separated by one degree of marriage
Sentence:
The sibling of
one's spouse is coming here today.
Milk
kinship
The
kinship arising from adoption or fostering.
Sentence:
In
Islamic law, breastfeeding institutes a form of kinship relation (milk
kinship).
Matrilineal
Matrilineal means
basically "through the mother's line"
Sentence:
If
the children in your culture take their mother's last name, and not their
father's, this is a matrilineal tradition.
Nepotism
The
unfair practice by a powerful person of giving jobs and other favors to
relatives
Sentence:
Nepotism has
hurt the company.
Maternity
The
quality or State of being mother, motherhood
Sentence:
A
maternity ward in a hospital is well equipped.
C. The following words are from the above text. Each word has two
parts.
polygamy,
unmarried, nontraditional, dissolution, inequitable
poly,
un, non, dis and in are prefixes. They make
new words when they are added to the beginning of other root words.
Make at least five words using the prefixes given. Consult a
dictionary to learn how they change the meaning of root words.
pre-
preach,
precast, precious, precise, precept
semi-
Semicolon,
semifinal, semimetal, semicircle, semiskilled
sub-
subject,
sublet, subsequent, submerge, submit,
mis-
miscast, mischief,
misdeed, misfire, misguided
mono-
monogamy,
monograph, monologue, monopoly,
monosemy,
un-
unable,
unnatural, unaware, unnecessary, unveil
in-
injustice,
inhuman, insane, invent, infant
inter-
intercept,
interloper, intermittent, interpose, interfere
Comprehension
A. The headings of the first five paragraphs of the above text
are given below. Write paragraph number next to them.
a.
Patriarchal family - 3rd Paragraph
b.
Functions of the family - 2nd Paragraph
c.
Modern model of family - 5th Paragraph
d.
Effects of industrialization on family structure - 4th paragraph
e.
Defining family - 1st paragraph
B. Answer the following questions.
a.
What type of family is thought to be the oldest form of the family?
Nuclear
family is thought to be the oldest form of the family.
b.
How does a family provide security to its members?
A
family provides physical and mental security to its members.
c.
What were the features of medieval European families?
Male-dominated
and extended were the features of Medieval European family.
d.
What caused the dissolution of extended families in the West?
Industrialization
and urbanization caused the dissolution of extended families in the West.
e.
What change occurred in gender role in the modern family that emerged after the
Industrial Revolution?
Family
responsibilities were changed into shared responsibilities in the modern family
that emerged after the Industrial Revolution.
f.
What is family law?
Family
law represents a delicate balance between the interests of society and the
protection of individual rights.
g.
How is modern marriage defined?
Modern
marriage is best described as a voluntary union, usually between a man and
woman.
h.
What do special family courts try to do?
The
special family courts attempt to deal more fairly with sensitive issues such as
custody of children.
i.
What does the legislation on child labour and child abuse declare?
The
legislation on child labour and child abuse declares for a child's best
interests as to society's responsibility.
j.
What is common among most legal systems regarding property?
Most
legal systems have some means of dealing with division of property left by a
deceased family member.
Critical thinking
a. What changes have started to occur in Nepali families in
recent days? What impacts will they bring on the society? Discuss.
Family
is a fundamental social institution that encompasses a group of individuals
bound together by blood, marriage, adoption, or strong emotional and social
connections. It is a primary unit of society where members live together, share
experiences, and support one another through various stages of life. Family is
a complex and multifaceted institution that evolves over time, adapting to
social, economic, and cultural changes. It provides a sense of belonging and
identity, forming the foundation of a person's social development and emotional
well-being. Families have a profound influence on shaping individuals' values,
attitudes, and behavior, making them a critical force in the fabric of society.
changes
in Nepali families in recent days
Families
in many societies, including Nepal, have been experiencing changes in their traditional
structures. There has been a rise in nuclear families (parents and children
living independently) due to urbanization, migration for work opportunities,
and changing societal values. This shift impacts family dynamics, as it may
lead to increased autonomy for individual family members and a lesser reliance
on extended family support systems.
There
has been a growing emphasis on women's education and workforce participation in
Nepal. This trend has the potential to alter traditional gender roles and
empower women to take on leadership positions both within the family and in
society. Women's increased involvement in decision-making processes can lead to
more equitable outcomes and enhanced social progress.
Advancements
in technology, including smartphones and social media, have transformed
communication patterns within families. While technology enables faster and
more efficient communication, it can also lead to increased screen time,
potentially impacting family bonding and interpersonal relationships. With
improved access to education, younger generations in Nepali families are
increasingly aspiring for higher education and diverse career paths. This trend
can lead to greater economic mobility, improved living standards, and a shift
towards more knowledge-based professions.
Like
many other countries, Nepal is experiencing demographic changes, with a growing
aging population. As a result, there is a rising need for elder care and
support systems within families. Balancing the needs of elderly family members
with the demands of modern life can be a challenge for many families. Globalization
has led to increased exposure to different cultures and ideas. This exposure
may impact traditional Nepali values and customs, leading to a blend of local
and global influences in family lifestyles and practices.
These
changes in Nepali families can bring about several impacts on society:
As
family structures change, traditional values might evolve to accommodate modern
aspirations and demands. This could influence societal norms and expectations
regarding marriage, parenting, and gender roles. Increased education and
workforce participation can contribute to Nepal's economic development by
harnessing the potential of a skilled and educated workforce.
Changes
in family structures may necessitate the development of alternative social
support systems to ensure the well-being of vulnerable populations, such as the
elderly and children. The intersection of local and global influences may shape
a new cultural identity, reflecting both Nepali heritage and global
perspectives.
As
more individuals pursue education and career opportunities, balancing work and
family life becomes a crucial challenge. Striking a balance between personal
and professional responsibilities can have implications for individual
well-being and societal productivity. Women's empowerment and increased gender
equality within families can positively impact gender equity and women's rights
in Nepali society.
In
conclusion, changes in Nepali families are part of broader global trends that
can have significant impacts on society. As families adapt to new
circumstances, maintaining a balance between tradition and modernity is
essential to ensure positive outcomes for individuals and the collective well-being
of Nepali society.
b. We see many elderly people in the elderly homes these days in
Nepal. Some of them are abandoned while others live there willingly. Do you
think Nepali people are deviating from their traditional culture? Give reasons.
As
with many societies undergoing rapid social, economic, and technological
changes, some Nepali people may be experiencing shifts away from their
traditional culture. Urbanization and increased exposure to global influences
through media, technology, and travel can lead to the adoption of elements from
other cultures. Higher levels of education and access to information can lead
to questioning of traditional beliefs and practices. As people become more
informed about alternative perspectives, they may choose to embrace new ideas
and values. Economic opportunities and employment prospects often lead people
to migrate from rural to urban areas or abroad. In new environments,
individuals may adapt to the local culture, which can influence their values
and behaviors.
Nepal,
like many other countries, has been witnessing a growing trend of elderly
people residing in elderly homes or care facilities. As Nepal undergoes
urbanization and modernization, traditional family structures are evolving.
Younger generations often migrate to urban areas or abroad in search of better
job opportunities, leaving elderly parents behind in their hometowns. This
geographical separation can lead to elderly individuals seeking care and
companionship in elderly homes. Economic realities may compel families to
prioritize working and earning a livelihood, leaving them with limited time and
resources to care for elderly family members. In such cases, elderly homes
offer a viable alternative, where specialized care and attention can be
provided to older individuals.
In
some cases, social norms and stigma associated with providing care for elderly
family members may lead to elderly people residing in homes. Cultural
expectations of filial piety and caregiving by immediate family members can be
challenging to meet in rapidly changing societies. Elderly individuals often
face complex health issues that require specialized care and attention. Elderly
homes with trained medical staff can provide a safer and more supportive
environment for those with significant health challenges.
Elderly
people who live alone may experience feelings of loneliness and isolation,
especially if their social circles have diminished over the years. Moving into
an elderly home can offer opportunities for social interactions and
companionship with peers. However, it is essential to consider both the
advantages and challenges associated with elderly homes. On one hand, these
facilities can provide professional care, social activities, and a sense of
community for the elderly. On the other hand, the move to an elderly home may
be emotionally challenging for some individuals, as they leave familiar
surroundings and may experience a sense of loss.
To
address the needs of the elderly population, it is crucial for the government
and society to promote a holistic approach to elder care. This includes
creating supportive policies, providing affordable healthcare, and promoting
intergenerational bonds to ensure elderly individuals can age with dignity and
respect, regardless of their living arrangements.
Nepali
people are deviating from their traditional culture:
Younger
generations, especially those born and raised in more modern settings, may view
traditional customs differently from their parents and grandparents. This
generational gap can result in changes in cultural practices and beliefs. The
influence of mass media, such as television, movies, and social media, can
shape cultural perceptions and preferences, contributing to the adoption of
global trends. Traditional Nepali culture is characterized by a collectivist
outlook, where the well-being of the community is prioritized over individual
desires. However, as society evolves, there may be a shift towards more
individualistic values.
While
some Nepali people may be deviating from certain aspects of traditional
culture, it is important to recognize that cultural change is a natural part of
societal evolution. As societies become more interconnected and diverse,
cultural adaptation and evolution are common phenomena. However, it is
essential to strike a balance between preserving valuable aspects of
traditional culture and embracing positive aspects of modernity. Cultural
identity plays a significant role in shaping individual and collective identities,
and retaining certain cultural practices can help maintain a sense of community
and shared heritage.
Efforts
to promote cultural awareness, appreciation, and intergenerational dialogue can
help bridge gaps between different cultural perspectives. Additionally,
education and initiatives to preserve traditional arts, languages, and customs
can contribute to the preservation of Nepali cultural heritage. It is important
to approach cultural change with sensitivity and respect, recognizing that
individuals have the right to embrace aspects of both their traditional culture
and the broader globalized world. Embracing cultural diversity and fostering a
sense of unity within diversity can strengthen social cohesion and enrich
Nepal's cultural fabric.
Writing
a. Write an essay on The Importance of Family.
Importance
of Family
Family
is a fundamental social institution that encompasses a group of individuals
bound together by blood, marriage, adoption, or strong emotional and social
connections. It is a primary unit of society where members live together, share
experiences, and support one another through various stages of life. Family is
a complex and multifaceted institution that evolves over time, adapting to
social, economic, and cultural changes. It provides a sense of belonging and
identity, forming the foundation of a person's social development and emotional
well-being. Families have a profound influence on shaping individuals' values,
attitudes, and behavior, making them a critical force in the fabric of society.
Family
is one of the most fundamental and significant institutions in human society.
It serves as the building block of communities and plays a crucial role in
shaping individuals' lives. The importance of family cannot be overstated, as
it provides a foundation for emotional support, personal growth, and societal
cohesion. Family is where individuals find unwavering emotional support and
unconditional love. In times of joy and sorrow, family members stand by each
other, offering a safe haven to express feelings and seek solace. This
emotional bond creates a sense of belonging and security, fostering a strong
sense of identity and self-worth in individuals.
Family
plays a pivotal role in nurturing and raising children. Parents provide
guidance, instill values, and shape the character of their offspring. The
family unit is where individuals learn essential life skills, cultural
traditions, and societal norms, setting the foundation for their future
interactions in the world. Family is a primary source of moral and ethical
development. Through their interactions with family members, individuals learn
compassion, empathy, and integrity. The family environment cultivates a sense
of responsibility and accountability, encouraging individuals to make ethical
choices and contribute positively to society.
Family
interactions contribute to the socialization of individuals, teaching them how
to interact with others and navigate relationships. These experiences develop
emotional intelligence, enabling individuals to understand and manage their
emotions effectively, and fostering empathy and sensitivity towards others. Family
provides a robust support system during challenging times. Whether it's
financial difficulties, health issues, or personal crises, family members are
often the first to extend a helping hand. The collective strength of the family
ensures that no individual faces life's adversities alone.
Families
play a crucial role in preserving cultural heritage and passing on traditions
from one generation to the next. Cultural practices, customs, and values are
shared within the family, ensuring that cultural identity remains alive and
vibrant. Families are the building blocks of communities and contribute to
social cohesion. They form the nucleus of neighborhoods, villages, and towns,
creating a sense of community and fostering cooperation among individuals. Family
is where cherished moments and festivities are celebrated together. From
birthdays to religious ceremonies, these occasions strengthen family bonds and
create lasting memories.
In
conclusion, the importance of family lies in its ability to provide a nurturing
and supportive environment for individuals to thrive. It offers emotional
support, moral guidance, and a sense of belonging, which are essential for
personal growth and well-being. Families play a pivotal role in shaping
individuals' character, values, and sense of identity, contributing to the
fabric of society as a whole. The significance of family extends beyond
individual households, as strong families foster strong communities and
societies.
b. Some individuals believe that living in a nuclear family is
preferable. Others believe that living with extended relatives is preferable.
What are your thoughts? Write an essay comparing and contrasting the benefits
and drawbacks of each.
Family
structures play a significant role in shaping individuals' lives and the
dynamics of a society. Two prevalent family structures are the nuclear family
and the extended family. While both have distinct advantages and disadvantages,
understanding their characteristics can help individuals make informed choices
about their family arrangements.
A
nuclear family consists of a couple and their children living together in a
separate household. It is a relatively smaller and more autonomous unit
compared to an extended family.
The
nuclear family offers a higher level of privacy and independence as it operates
as a self-sufficient unit. Decision-making is typically limited to immediate
family members, allowing for quicker and more efficient choices. With a smaller
family size, parents often have more focused attention on their children,
fostering a close parent-child bond and facilitating individualized care and
support. Nuclear families are often more mobile, making it easier for members
to pursue education, career opportunities, or relocate for better living
conditions without the constraints of extended family obligations.
In
times of need or emergencies, nuclear families may have limited support compared
to extended families, which can be emotionally and practically challenging.
Smaller family size may lead to a sense of isolation, especially for the
elderly or individuals without close friends nearby, as there may be fewer
social interactions within the household. In a nuclear family, the burden of
financial responsibilities falls solely on the parents, which can lead to
increased stress and economic strain.
An
extended family includes multiple generations living together or in close
proximity, such as parents, children, grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins.
Extended
families offer a robust support system as members can rely on each other during
challenging times, ensuring that no individual faces adversity alone. Within an
extended family, cultural traditions, values, and customs are better preserved
and passed down from one generation to the next, fostering a strong sense of
cultural identity. The distribution of responsibilities across multiple family
members lightens the burden on individual caregivers, allowing for a more
balanced approach to care for children and the elderly.
With
more family members living in close proximity, conflicts and disagreements may
arise more frequently, potentially leading to tensions and strained
relationships. In an extended family, privacy can be compromised as personal
decisions and spaces are shared with a larger number of individuals.
Individuals within an extended family may experience limited autonomy in
decision-making due to the influence and opinions of multiple family members.
In
conclusion, both nuclear families and extended families offer unique advantages
and drawbacks. The choice between the two depends on individual preferences,
cultural norms, and practical considerations. Nuclear families provide greater
autonomy and privacy but may lack the same level of support as extended
families. On the other hand, extended families offer a strong support system
and cultural preservation but may face challenges related to conflicts and loss
of privacy. Ultimately, the well-being and happiness of family members should
guide the selection of the most suitable family structure for each individual
or household.
Extra Question
Read the POEM and answer the questions. [15]
Your
mind is a meadow
To
plant for your needs
You
are the farmer
With
knowledge of seeds,
Don’t
leave your meadow
Unplanted
and bare,
Sow
it with knowledge
And
tend it with care.
Who’d
be a know-nothing
When
he might grow
The
seeds of knowledge
Of
stars and snow;
The
science of numbers,
The
stories of time,
The
magic of music,
The
secrets of rhyme?
Don’t
be a know-nothing!
Plant
in the spring,
And
see what harvest
The
summer will bring.
Eleanor Farjeon
1. Find the words or phrases in the
poem that are opposite to the following words:
a.
covered
b.
harvest
c.
know
d.
knowledgeable
e.
neglect
f.
negligence/neglect
g.
planted
h.
something
i.
stay
j.
subside
k.
take
away
l.
take/get
m.
unfarmed
2. Find the words which are similar
in meaning to the following words or phrases:
a)
an
ignorant person
b)
attention
c)
cutting
and gathering crops
d)
depart
e)
field
f)
green
pasture/field/grass land
g)
look
after
h)
mysterious
i)
naked/empty
j)
necessities
k)
observe
l)
peasant
m)
poetry
n)
produce
o)
take
care of
p)
tend
q)
to
spread seeds on the ground
r)
tune
s)
uncultivated
t)
uneducated/illiterate/ignorant
3. Answer the following questions:
a)
How
is our mind a meadow?
b)
What
according to the poet should we do?
c)
What
are the seeds of knowledge for a reader?
d)
What
can we plant in our mind?
e)
What
does a ‘know-nothing’ mean?
f)
What
does the poet suggest not to do?
g)
What
does the poet want us to plant in our minds?
h)
What
is our mind compared with in the given poem?
i)
What
is the meaning of ‘spring’ in the poem?
j)
What
message does the poet want to tell us?
k)
What
should a farmer and a reader do after sowing?
l)
Who
has composed this poem?
m) Who is the learner compares with?
n)
Why
does the poet call the reader a farmer?
o)
Why
should we plant in spring?
4. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for
false for the following statements:
a)
A
farmer tends the plants with care but a reader doesn’t have to tend the plants
of knowledge in his or her mind.
b)
A
reader grows seeds of knowledge in his or her mind just as a farmer sows seeds
in his fields.
c)
According
to the poet mind and meadow are similar.
d)
If
you plant in spring you can harvest in summer.
e)
In
the poem, “plant in spring” means get knowledge in the favourable time.
f)
One
who plants one’s mind with seeds of knowledge is known as know-nothing.
g)
Seeds
of knowledge sprout in the field of our mind.
h)
The
field should be tended with care.
i)
The
poem is about planting and farming.
j)
The
poet asks us not to leave our meadow unplanted and bare.
k)
The
poetess calls the reader a farmer because like a farmer, the reader can sow,
reap and harvest knowledge.
l)
The
poetess compares the mind with meadow.
m) We should keep our mind bare.
n)
We
should not keep our mind bare.
o)
When
a man grows up, he knows everything about the world.
5. Fill up the gaps with the
appropriate words or phrases:
a)
…........means
to spread or scatter seeds in the cultivating land.
b)
………………….….has
composed this poem.
c)
A
field covered with grass is called ……….. .
d)
Farmers
plant ………….…….in their field.
e)
Human.............…...is
compared to a meadow.
f)
People
are just like the ….......…….to plant for their needs.
g)
Students
are compared with …....….in the poem.
h)
The
theme of the poem may be …………….
i)
We
should not keep our mind …………. .
|
word |
अर्थ |
Similar meaning |
|
action |
कर्म, कार्य |
act , operation, perform,
performance, work, deed, job, do |
|
appetite |
भोक |
passion , craving, desire for
food, hunger, need of food |
|
awake |
ब्यँुझनु |
wake up, get up, up,
conscious, wakeful, aware, alert, |
|
bare |
खाली, नाङगो |
empty, vacant, uncover, open,
exposed, undressed, blank |
|
barred |
छेकिएको |
surrounded by bars, confined,
fastened |
|
bar |
अवरोध |
rails, rods, gate, cage,
saloon, block, slab, obstruct, barrier |
|
beeches |
रुखको नाम |
a kind of tree |
|
bells |
घण्टीहरु |
alarms, chimes, carillon,
glock3enspiel, doorbell , |
|
bend |
झुक्नु |
fold, curved, angular, bow,
lean, lower |
|
betumble |
झर्नु, खस्नु, हल्लाउनु |
shake gently, fall, drop on |
|
bills |
गाँउछ |
sings, chants, makes nest |
|
blowing |
बहि रहेको |
flowing, moving |
|
blunt |
भुत्ते |
not sharp or pointed, lack of
sharpness |
|
boundless |
असिमित |
limitless, unlimited |
|
breath |
श्वास फेर्नु |
inhale, gulp of air, gasp,
breathing |
|
breathes |
जीवन |
lives, inhale |
|
broken up |
टुक्रिएको |
separated, segmented,
divided, disconnected |
|
buck |
भाले मृग, हरिण |
male deer or rabbit |
|
buried |
गाडेको |
put under ground, in a grave,
|
|
by |
नजिक |
near, close, adjacent,
contagious |
|
chestnut |
कटुस |
a kind of tree |
|
citizens |
नागरिकहरु |
people, |
|
claim |
दावि |
demand, state, declare, ask
for, call for, petition |
|
claws |
नङग्राहरु |
paws, |
|
concentrated |
थुपार्नु |
centerlized, collected |
|
cuckoo |
कोइली |
a kind of black bird |
|
dare |
हिम्मत गर्नु |
venture, adventure, brave |
|
dark |
अध्यारो |
absence of light, black,
gloomy |
|
dead |
मृत |
expired, lifeless, deceased,
passed away |
|
dead habit |
थोत्रा परम्परा |
old useless tradition, |
|
deed |
कार्य |
act, action, performance |
|
demestic walls |
घरेलु पर्खाल |
narrow thought, boarder,
division |
|
depth |
गहिराइ |
bottom, deepness |
|
desert |
मरभूमी |
sandy, barren and dry land,
sterile field |
|
despite |
तापनि |
in spite of, though, even
though |
|
domestic |
घरायसी |
household |
|
doubly dying |
दुइ पटक मर्नु |
die twice |
|
downy |
नरम |
smooth, delicate, soft,
tender, mild |
|
dream |
सपना देख्नु |
fantasy |
|
dream of south and west |
भ्रमणको योजना |
tour's plan, |
|
dreary |
निरस, |
gloomy, dull, making sad,
boring, distressed, sad |
|
drip |
चुहिनु |
fall drops, leaks, fall down |
|
dun |
खैरो तथा कालो रङ |
dull brownish grey colour |
|
dusk |
साँझ |
twilight, evening |
|
easy meat |
पस्केको मासु |
served meat |
|
ends |
समाप्त हुन्छ |
finishes, extreme limit, |
|
ever-widening |
सदा पैmलिरहने |
stretching, make bigger,
extend, elongate, enlarge, broaden |
|
exile |
देश निकाला |
banishment, away from home |
|
fair |
स्वच्छ |
clear, frank, puare, honest,
good, fine, impartial |
|
farmer |
किसान |
peasant, planter, cultivator,
grower |
|
farmhouse |
फाम हाउस |
house in the farm, cottage,
manor, igloo, |
|
father |
ईश्वर |
god, almighty |
|
fear |
डर, त्रास, भय |
painful feeling, fright,
terror, afraid |
|
fear |
डर |
afraid, terrify, afraid,
scare |
|
fill up |
ढाक्नु |
cover, over spread, overlay,
conceal |
|
flake |
टुक्रा |
pieces, crumble, chi,
blister, come off, peel, fleck, sliver |
|
foot steps |
पाइलाहरु |
paces, tempo, strides,
treads, movements, walks, marches |
|
foreign strand |
विदेशी भूमि |
alien country, overseas
country |
|
forfeit |
गुमाउनु |
lose, miss, surrender, give
up, loss |
|
fragments |
टुक्राहरु |
pieces, arts, broken off |
|
freedom |
स्वतन्त्रता |
liberty, slaveless |
|
frozen |
हिउ जमेको |
ice covered, cold, icy, iced
up, freezing |
|
full of |
अघाएको |
filled fully |
|
gate bars |
ढोकाको बार |
enclosure of bars |
|
gazelle |
मृग, हरिण |
antelope, deer |
|
hang |
झुण्डिनु |
suspend |
|
harmony |
सहिष्णुता |
tolerance, endurance,
agreement, being together, live together |
|
harness |
करेली |
saddle, reins, leather straps
for an animal |
|
hath |
सँग छ |
has, have |
|
heaven |
स्वर्ग |
home of god, the abode of
god, place of bliss, paradise, eaden |
|
held |
राख्नु |
kept, raised |
|
history |
इतिहास |
the stories of time |
|
homewards |
घर तर्पm |
towards home |
|
inn |
विश्राम स्थल |
the travelers rest |
|
knowledge |
ज्ञान |
understanding, learning,
intellectual power, knowing something |
|
know-nothing |
अज्ञानी |
illiterate, uneducated,
ignorant |
|
lake |
ताल |
pond, reservoir, pool |
|
learn |
सिक्नु |
gain knowledge, |
|
led forward |
अगाडी तर्फ |
guide, directed towards front |
|
magic |
जादु |
sorcery, witchcraft, charm |
|
maids |
केटीहरु |
girls, damsels, lass,
unmarried female |
|
mark well |
सम्मान गर्नु |
respect, esteem, admire,
reverence, appreciate, regard, |
|
mathematics |
गणित |
the science of number |
|
meadow |
चौर, खेत |
grassland, moor, lawn, lea,
field |
|
miles |
माइलहरु |
measuring length |
|
minstrel |
गाइने, कवि |
travelling singer, poet |
|
mistake |
गल्ति |
fault, wrong, flaw, foul,
error |
|
mock |
जिस्काउनु |
laugh at, ridicule, tease, make
fun |
|
mudless |
हिलो रहित |
without any mud, having no
mud |
|
music |
संगीत |
tune, melody, pleasant sound,
|
|
narrow |
साँगुरो |
small, limited, not wide |
|
native land |
जन्म भूमी |
birth place |
|
nestlings |
चराको बच्चाहरु |
baby birds, |
|
no longer |
अब नहुने |
no more |
|
only |
मात्रै |
merely, solely, alone, lonely |
|
pace |
चाल |
step, stride, speed |
|
patriotism |
देशभक्ती |
love for country |
|
pelf |
सम्पती |
riches, wealth, property |
|
perfection |
पूर्णता |
completeness, faultlessness,
absence of faults |
|
plotting |
षडयन्त्र गर्दै |
conspiring, planning secretly |
|
ply |
काम गर्नु |
supply with food, after a
service, work |
|
poetry |
कविता |
the secrets of rhyme, verse,
literature |
|
pool |
ताल |
pond, lake, reservoir |
|
power |
शक्ति |
domination, influence,
authority, might, strength |
|
promise |
वाचा गर्नु |
give word, vow, |
|
proud |
गर्व |
pride, dignity, glorious,
dignified |
|
queer |
अनौठो |
strange, unexpected, odd,
peculiar, unique |
|
racial |
जातिय |
castism, related with caste,
creed |
|
rainbow |
इन्द्रधनुष |
seven colours spectrum |
|
raptures |
परमानन्द |
extreme joy and happiness,
bliss |
|
reason |
कारण |
causes, argument |
|
relationship |
सम्बन्ध |
connection, links, kinship |
|
renown |
प्रतिष्ठा |
fame, popularity, reputation,
prestige, honour, respect |
|
return |
फर्कनु |
go back, come back |
|
rhyme |
अन्त्यानुप्रास, लय |
verse, sameness of sound |
|
rooks |
कालो चरा |
a kind of birds |
|
row |
पङक्ति, लाइन |
line, queue |
|
sad song |
दुःखको गीत |
sorrowful song, melancholy
strain |
|
scent |
बासना |
pleasant smell, fragrance,
smell |
|
science |
विज्ञान |
a kind of subject |
|
secret |
गोप्य |
mystery, unknown, |
|
seed |
वीऊ |
stone of fruits, |
|
self |
स्वयंम |
ownself, oneself |
|
shade |
छाँया |
shadow, |
|
shake |
हल्लाउनु |
movement, betumble , jolt |
|
shower |
झरी, सिमसिम पानी |
rain, light rain |
|
shuns |
घृणा गर्छ |
avoids, dislikes, hates,
keeps away |
|
smell |
सुँध्नु |
scent, perceive scent |
|
sniffing |
सुँध्दै |
drawing air to smell |
|
snow |
हिउ |
heap of ice |
|
snowy |
हिउ परेको |
covered with snow |
|
sorts |
प्रकार |
kinds, types |
|
soul |
आत्मा |
spirit, non-material |
|
sow |
रोप्नु, छर्नु |
plant, scatter, disperse,
spread seeds on the fields |
|
sprig muslin dressed |
मखमलि कपडा |
fine clothes |
|
spring |
बसन्त ऋतु |
season, growing season |
|
sprung |
सृजित भएको |
arisen, come, appeared,
jumped, skipped |
|
stone tree |
ढुङगे रुख |
artificial trees |
|
stopping |
रोकिदै |
halting, pausing, |
|
strand |
भूमी |
land, edge, lawn, lea |
|
stream |
खहरे खोला |
flow, small river, rivulet |
|
stretches |
फैलाँउछ |
makes wider, expands, extends |
|
striped |
धर्के |
lines, marked with lines |
|
striving |
प्रयास |
making great effort,
struggling, working hard |
|
such |
यस्तो |
like, as, |
|
suggest |
सल्लाह |
advice, indicate, |
|
summer |
गृष्म ऋतु |
season, rainy season |
|
sweep |
हावाको प्रवाह |
blowing of wind, continuous motion |
|
thee |
तिमी |
you, thy |
|
thought |
विचार |
consideration, idea, feeling |
|
thresh |
अन्न झार्नु |
separate grain, harvest |
|
throb |
उर्लिन्छ |
beat, rise up, tremble ,
shudder |
|
throe |
तिव्र वेदना |
serious pain |
|
tides |
ज्वारभाटाहरु |
regular rise and fall of
water, |
|
tireless |
थकाइ नलाग्ने |
constant, dull, untiring, |
|
tradition |
परम्परा |
custom, ritual, |
|
travelers rest |
विश्राम स्थल |
inn, hotels, cottage, motel,
name of a hotel |
|
truth |
सत्य |
reality, fact, accuracy |
|
tune |
धुन |
music, tone, rhyme |
|
unplanted |
नरोपेको |
uncultivated, barren, sterile,
not planted |
|
verse |
पद्म |
stanza, lines of a poem |
|
watch |
हेर्नु |
look at, see, observe |
|
weather |
मौसम |
season, atmosphere,
circumstances, climate |
|
wind |
हावा |
air, sweep |
|
without |
वाहेक |
in absence of, not having |
|
woods |
जंगलहरु |
forests, jungle |
|
zebra |
जंगली घोडा |
wild horse |
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