STORY
9. A Deal in Wheat
by Frank Norris
CHARACTERS
Sam Lewiston:
The protagonist of the story, Sam Lewiston is a former farmer who loses his
livelihood due to the manipulation of wheat prices by powerful market forces.
He represents the struggling, working-class individuals who bear the brunt of
market speculation.
Truslow:
Referred to as the "Great Bear," Truslow is a powerful figure in the
wheat trade. He is depicted as a cunning and ruthless speculator who profits
from the fluctuation of wheat prices, often at the expense of farmers like Sam
Lewiston.
Hornung:
Hornung is another significant player in the wheat market. He engages in a
complex transaction with Truslow, inadvertently leading to the further
financial distress of individuals like Sam Lewiston.
Emma Lewiston:
She is Sam Lewiston's wife. She appears briefly in the story, mainly in the
context of Sam's decisions and struggles.
Cyrus Ryder:
A clean-faced, bright-eyed individual who resembles a bookkeeper's assistant.
He plays a crucial role in revealing Truslow's manipulative tactics in the
wheat trade.
Joe Lewiston:
Sam's brother, who runs a small hat factory. Though not a central character,
his financial difficulties contribute to Sam's own struggles.
Going, Kimbark, Merriam:
These characters are associated with the wheat market and play supporting roles
in the narrative. They are part of the group affected by the market
fluctuations.
The Baker:
The owner of the Vienna bakery, where the "bread line" forms. He
represents a small-scale business owner impacted by broader economic forces.
SUMMARY
Benjamin
Franklin Norris (1870-1902) was an American naturalist writer known for novels
like "McTeague" and "The Octopus." He initially studied
painting in Paris but later pursued literature. His works delve into economic
and social forces, particularly in the wheat industry. The story "A Deal
in the Wheat" portrays the struggles of farmer Sam Lewston, highlighting
the exploitation of farmers by middlemen. Although not formally affiliated with
socialism, Norris's works reflect both naturalistic and socialist themes. He
passed away during an operation for appendicitis in 1902, leaving his planned
trilogy incomplete.
The Bear—Wheat at
Sixty-Two
Sam
Lewiston, a farmer from southwestern Kansas, faces a crisis as wheat prices
plummet to sixty-six cents a bushel. He and his wife, Emma, discuss their
options, considering an offer from Emma's brother to move to Chicago. However,
Sam is reluctant to give up after years of hard work on their ranch. He sets
out for town, leaving Emma with a sense of uncertainty about their future.
In
town, Sam visits Bridges & Co., a grain dealer, hoping for a better price
for his wheat. However, Bridges can only offer sixty-two cents due to the
influence of Truslow and a bear clique in Chicago. Sam is devastated, realizing
that he can't cover the cost of raising the wheat with such a low price. He
returns to the ranch feeling defeated and shares the grim news with Emma.
They
decide to accept Joe's offer and move to Chicago, acknowledging that they are
financially drained. The story portrays the struggles of farmers during a
challenging economic period, emphasizing the harsh reality of agricultural
life.
The Bull—Wheat at A
Dollar-Ten
In
this section, a contract is being finalized between Hornung, representing Party
of the First Part, and Gates, representing Truslow or the Great Bear, Party of
the Second Part. The contract stipulates that wheat will be sold to Truslow for
export purposes only, not for consumption within the United States or Canada.
After the paperwork is signed, Gates leaves with the contract, and Hornung
reflects on the deal. He has agreed to release one hundred thousand bushels of
wheat to Truslow at a rate of one dollar and ten cents per bushel. Hornung
contemplates whether it would have been wiser to bankrupt Truslow by setting a
prohibitive price on the grain, but ultimately believes that controlling the
wheat supply ensures his safety from Truslow's influence.
The
narrative provides insight into the power dynamics and strategic thinking of
the characters involved in the wheat market. Hornung's control over the
situation is emphasized, and he believes that by limiting Truslow's access to
wheat, he has neutralized the threat posed by the Great Bear. The section also
highlights the complex financial maneuvers and calculations taking place within
the commodities market, showcasing the high stakes and calculated risks
involved.
The Pit
In
this section, the narrative shifts to the trading pit, where the intense
activity of the commodities market unfolds. The great gong signals the
beginning of the trading session, and a flurry of voices and movement ensues as
traders rush to make bids and offers. The "Hornung crowd," led by
Hornung himself, has managed to raise the price of wheat to one dollar and a
half per bushel, effectively cornering the market. At this point, they believe
they have complete control over the supply.
However,
a surprise development occurs when a new trader named Kennedy, previously
unnoticed, boldly offers to sell one thousand bushels of May wheat at the same
price. This unexpected move challenges the perceived dominance of the Hornung
crowd. Kennedy's actions prompt speculation among the traders, as they are
puzzled by who he might be selling for and where he sourced the wheat.
Kennedy
continues to make offers to sell, totaling two thousand bushels, in direct
opposition to the Hornung crowd. Despite the initial shock, the Hornung traders
respond quickly and complete the transactions. The sudden influx of wheat
challenges their assumed monopoly over the market.
Later,
it is revealed that Kennedy is engaging in a "bear movement,"
strategically selling wheat in batches of five contracts. The situation
escalates as Chicago receives an unexpected shipment of twenty-five thousand
bushels, not associated with Hornung. The Hornung team contacts their superior,
the Chief, who instructs them to "support the market," leading them
to buy up the additional supply to stabilize prices.
Ultimately,
the Hornung crowd successfully manages the unexpected challenge, maintaining
control of the market and closing at the initial price of one dollar and a half
per bushel. Despite their victory, the mysterious actions of Kennedy and the
sudden influx of wheat spark speculation and intrigue among the traders.
The Belt Line
In
this section, a significant development takes place as Hornung, his broker, and
a detective named Cyrus Ryder hold a conference in Hornung's home. Ryder
provides crucial information about Truslow's manipulative tactics with the Belt
Line Railroad, a transportation system encircling Chicago that Truslow owns.
Through detailed observations, Ryder discovers that specific railcars with
particular numbers are repeatedly switched to sidings near Truslow's main
elevator D. The wheat in these cars remains the same, never leaving the city.
Ryder's
revelation shocks Hornung and his broker, who realize that Truslow has been
deceiving them. Truslow has been running the same wheat around Chicago, making
it appear as if it's a new shipment. He sells it back to Hornung at a higher
price than he originally bought it for. This scheme has resulted in significant
financial losses for Hornung and his broker.
Despite
the financial setback, Hornung finds the situation amusing and refuses to
pursue legal action against Truslow. He acknowledges Truslow's cunning and sees
the situation as a cleverly executed scheme. Hornung and his broker agree to
adjust their pricing strategy, raising the wheat's price to two dollars to
compensate for their losses.
The
section highlights the complex and cutthroat nature of the commodities market,
where traders employ various strategies, including deceit, to gain an
advantage. Truslow's scheme demonstrates the lengths some individuals are
willing to go to manipulate prices and secure profits.
The Bread Line
In
this section, the narrative shifts to a dark, deserted district on the South
Side of Chicago, near the river. Here, a Vienna bakery distributes free loaves
of bread every night at 1 a.m. A "bread line" forms, comprised of
outcasts and individuals in need, stretching almost the entire length of a
block. Among them is Sam Lewiston, a former farmer who had lost his livelihood
due to plummeting grain prices orchestrated by the notorious Truslow, known as
the "Great Bear."
Lewiston's
struggles have led him to this point, standing in the drizzling rain, fatigued
and worn. Having lost his farm, he left his wife in Topeka and moved to Chicago
to find work. After a series of misfortunes, Lewiston finds himself homeless,
relying on the nightly bread distribution for sustenance.
The
"bread line" is a lifeline for these individuals, many of whom are
not professional beggars but rather former workers who have fallen on hard
times. It provides them with a temporary respite from the challenges of
unemployment and poverty.
However,
on this particular night, a shocking turn of events occurs. Instead of the
usual bakery worker, a young man resembling a bookkeeper's assistant emerges
and posts a placard on the door. The message announces that due to the
increased price of grain, the bakery will suspend bread distribution until
further notice. The disappointment and despair among the waiting crowd is
palpable.
Despite
this setback, Lewiston's luck eventually changes. He secures a job with the
street cleaning brigade, eventually rising through the ranks. This newfound
stability allows him to reunite with his wife and make a fresh start.
Reflecting
on his experiences, Lewiston gains a deeper understanding of the complex
machinations of the wheat market. He realizes the impact of the Bear and Bull
operators on both farmers and workers, highlighting the stark contrast between
those who manipulate the market and those who suffer its consequences. The
section concludes with a sobering acknowledgment of the countless individuals
who may not have been as fortunate as Lewiston in navigating the ruthless world
of commodities trading.
A. Multiple Choice Questions
1. The story takes place in.................
a) Southeastern
Kansas
b) Southern Kansas
c) Southwestern
Kansas
d) Northern Kansas
2. Sam Lewiston is a.........................
a) mediator
b) farmer
c) merchant in the market
d) doctor
3. The price of the stocks......................in the Bull market.
a) rises
b) falls
c) remains constant
d) collapses
4. After facing loss in wheat, Sam decides go to................
a) Chigo
b) New York
c) Boston
d) Washington
5. The story dramatizes......................
a) success of the farmers
b) American wheat
production
c) hay of the middlemen
d) hardships in the wheat
field.
Extra MCQs
1. Where did Benjamin Franklin Norris study painting?
a) New York
b) Paris
c) Chicago
d) Topeka
2. Which of Norris's novels is mentioned in the text?
a) The Grapes of Wrath
b) McTeague
c) Moby-Dick
d) Pride and Prejudice
3. What industry does Norris focus on in his works?
a) Steel manufacturing
b) Wheat production
c) Textile industry
d) Automobile manufacturing
4. What is the occupation of Sam Lewiston in the story?
a) Grain dealer
b) Farmer
c) Detective
d) Broker
5. Why does Sam Lewiston consider moving to Chicago?
a) To pursue a career in painting
b) Due to an offer from Emma's brother
c) To escape legal troubles
d) To join a social movement
6. What price is offered for Sam's wheat by Bridges & Co.?
a) Sixty-six cents
b) Sixty-two cents
c) One dollar and ten cents
d) One dollar and a half
7. Who is the influential figure mentioned as affecting wheat
prices in the story?
a) Kennedy
b) Gates
c) Truslow
d) Hornung
8. What event triggers the intense trading activity in the pit?
a) The opening gong
b) Hornung's arrival
c) Kennedy's offer
d) The closing bell
9. What strategy does Kennedy employ in the trading pit?
a) Buying large quantities of wheat
b) Selling wheat in batches of five
contracts
c) Manipulating prices through rumors
d) Withdrawing from the market
10. Why is Hornung initially reluctant to bankrupt Truslow?
a) He fears legal consequences
b) He is unsure if it would be profitable
c) He wants to avoid conflict
d) He believes Truslow would still be a
threat
11. Who reveals Truslow's manipulative tactics with the Belt
Line Railroad?
a) Sam Lewiston
b) Hornung
c) Emma
d) Cyrus Ryder
12. What is the purpose of the Vienna bakery in the story?
a) To sell expensive pastries
b) To provide free bread to those in need
c) To offer gourmet sandwiches
d) To serve as a gathering place for social
events
13. What causes the disruption in the "bread line"?
a) A sudden rainstorm
b) A change in bread quality
c) A placard announcement
d) A fight among the people in line
14. How does Sam Lewiston eventually improve his situation?
a) By winning a lottery
b) By securing a job with the street
cleaning brigade
c) By inheriting a fortune
d) By becoming a successful trader
15. What theme is emphasized through Sam Lewiston's experiences?
a) The power of perseverance
b) The impact of economic forces on
individuals
c) The importance of family bonds
d) The dangers of urban life
16. Who is considered the "Great Bear" in the story?
a) Gates
b) Kennedy
c) Truslow
d) Hornung
17. Which of the following best describes Norris's writing
style?
a) Romantic
b) Naturalistic
c) Surrealistic
d) Symbolic
18. How does the story "A Deal in Wheat" depict the
struggles of farmers?
a) Through the character of Sam Lewiston
facing economic challenges
b) By portraying farmers as wealthy
landowners
c) By emphasizing the easy access to
resources for farmers
d) By showing farmers engaging in political
activism
19. What is the significance of the Belt Line Railroad in the
story?
a) It represents a key transportation
system for farmers
b) It serves as a symbol of industrial
progress
c) It reveals Truslow's deceptive practices
in the wheat trade
d) It is a prominent landmark in the town
20. How does Norris's writing style reflect his exploration of
economic and social forces?
a) By using vivid imagery and descriptive
language
b) By presenting realistic portrayals of
characters' struggles
c) Through the incorporation of fantastical
elements
d) Through the use of abstract and symbolic
language
21. What is the outcome of the trading session in "The
Pit"?
a) The Hornung crowd loses control of the
market
b) Truslow gains control of the market
c) The Hornung crowd successfully maintains
control
d) Kennedy emerges as the new dominant
figure
22. How does Norris portray the characters' reactions to
economic challenges in the story?
a) Through their resilience and
determination
b) By depicting them as passive and
resigned
c) By emphasizing their extravagant
spending habits
d) Through their reliance on charitable
donations
23. How does the story "A Deal in Wheat" explore the
theme of exploitation?
a) By depicting the exploitation of farmers
by middlemen in the wheat industry
b) Through the exploitation of natural
resources for profit
c) By illustrating the exploitation of
consumers by retailers
d) Through the exploitation of workers in
industrial factories
24. What is the significance of the Vienna bakery in the story?
a) It serves as a gathering place for
social events
b) It represents a symbol of abundance and
prosperity
c) It provides a lifeline for individuals
facing economic hardship
d) It is a place of luxury dining and
entertainment
25. How does the story "The Belt Line" contribute to
the overall theme of economic manipulation in the wheat industry?
a) By revealing Truslow's deceptive tactics
with the Belt Line Railroad
b) Through the portrayal of characters
engaging in philanthropic efforts
c) By depicting the expansion of the wheat
market into new territories
d) Through the exploration of characters'
personal struggles unrelated to the wheat industry
B. Short Questions
1. Describe the setting of the story.
The
story "A Deal in Wheat" is set against the backdrop of the American
Midwest, primarily in the wheat-producing regions of Kansas and Chicago. The
narrative begins in southwestern Kansas, where Sam Lewiston, a farmer, and his
wife, Emma, reside. This rural area is characterized by vast expanses of
farmland, with fields of wheat stretching to the horizon. The landscape is
emblematic of the American heartland, with its rolling plains and endless
skies. It conveys a sense of agricultural abundance, but also hints at the
challenges faced by farmers like Sam due to fluctuations in wheat prices.
As
the story progresses, the setting shifts to the urban environment of Chicago.
Here, the focus is on the bustling streets and the commodities market,
specifically the trading pit where wheat is bought and sold. The trading pit is
a frenetic and competitive space, marked by the constant motion of traders and
the clamor of voices. The pit is symbolic of the intense economic activity and
speculative nature of the commodities market, reflecting the high stakes and
calculated risks involved.
Additionally,
the story briefly ventures into a dark and deserted district on the South Side
of Chicago, near the river, where a bakery provides free loaves of bread to
those in need. This setting contrasts sharply with the vibrant trading pit,
highlighting the disparity between the financial elites and the struggling
individuals dependent on such charitable gestures.
The
settings in "A Deal in Wheat" serve to underscore the story's themes
of economic struggle, exploitation, and the complex interactions between rural
and urban life in the context of the wheat industry. The contrast between the
rural expanses of Kansas and the frenetic urban environment of Chicago reflects
the dichotomy between the agrarian world of the farmer and the cutthroat realm
of commodity trading.
2. Why is the wheat farmer Sam Lewiston forced to leave his
farm?
Sam
Lewiston, a wheat farmer from southwestern Kansas, is compelled to leave his
farm due to a severe economic crisis in the agricultural industry. The primary
reason for his departure is the drastic plummeting of wheat prices. The price
of wheat drops to an alarmingly low sixty-six cents per bushel, making it
nearly impossible for farmers like Sam to cover the costs of production and
sustain their livelihoods.
This
sharp decline in wheat prices is attributed to the influence of powerful
figures in the wheat market, particularly Truslow and a bear clique operating
in Chicago. Truslow, known as the "Great Bear," employs bearish
tactics to manipulate and drive down wheat prices, creating a challenging
environment for farmers like Sam. Truslow's actions have a devastating impact
on the agricultural sector, pushing many farmers to the brink of financial
ruin.
Faced
with this dire situation, Sam and his wife, Emma, contemplate their options.
While Emma's brother offers them a chance to move to Chicago, Sam initially
hesitates to abandon the farm he has worked tirelessly on for years. However,
the overwhelming financial strain and the bleak prospects for profitability
ultimately force Sam to make the difficult decision to leave his farm and seek
alternative means of livelihood.
Sam's
departure from his farm is emblematic of the harsh realities faced by farmers
during this period of economic hardship, underscoring the immense challenges
and uncertainties they grapple with in their efforts to sustain themselves and
their families.
3. How do two businessmen Treslow and Hornung compete in the
wheat price speculation market?
Truslow
and Hornung are two formidable businessmen competing in the wheat price
speculation market, but they employ vastly different strategies to gain the
upper hand.
Truslow,
often referred to as the "Great Bear," is known for his bearish
approach. He aims to drive down wheat prices through various tactics, such as
flooding the market with excess supply or spreading negative sentiment to
influence market sentiment. Truslow seeks to exploit economic downturns and
capitalize on falling prices, allowing him to accumulate larger positions at
lower costs. His goal is to create panic and uncertainty among traders, forcing
them to sell at lower prices, which he can then buy and hold for profit when
the market eventually stabilizes or rebounds.
On
the other hand, Hornung adopts a bullish strategy. He is portrayed as an
influential figure in the commodities market, known for his ability to corner
the market and exercise control over the supply of wheat. Hornung strategically
manipulates prices to his advantage, often using his financial prowess to set
the market conditions in his favor. He is willing to absorb losses in the short
term to achieve long-term gains, and he leverages his resources and market
knowledge to outmaneuver his competitors.
While
both Truslow and Hornung seek to maximize their profits, they do so through
contrasting approaches. Truslow employs bearish tactics to drive prices down,
while Hornung utilizes bullish maneuvers to control the market and set prices
according to his interests. Their competition creates a dynamic and high-stakes
environment in the wheat price speculation market, where each businessman
strives to outwit and outmaneuver the other for financial gain.
4. How does Kennedy manage to sell one thousand bushels of wheat
to Hornung's men?
Kennedy
successfully sells one thousand bushels of wheat to Hornung's men by
strategically exploiting a moment of surprise and seizing the opportunity
presented. Kennedy, a new and previously unnoticed trader, enters the trading
pit and boldly offers to sell one thousand bushels of May wheat at the
prevailing price of one dollar and a half per bushel. This unexpected move
catches Hornung's men off guard, as they had believed they had complete control
over the market.
Kennedy's
timing is crucial; he seizes the moment when there is a momentary lapse in the
Hornung crowd's vigilance. The traders are momentarily taken aback by Kennedy's
audacity, allowing him to make the offer before they can fully process the
situation. In the midst of the commotion and surprise, Kennedy's actions are
met with shock, and the Hornung crowd responds with a swift and reflexive
"Sold!" in unison, effectively completing the transaction.
Kennedy's
ability to assert himself in this critical moment showcases his shrewdness and
quick thinking in navigating the fast-paced and competitive trading
environment. By capitalizing on the element of surprise, Kennedy manages to
secure a successful sale, demonstrating that even in a market dominated by
established players like Hornung, there is room for strategic maneuvering and
unexpected challenges from newcomers. This turn of events introduces an element
of uncertainty and intrigue into the market, disrupting the perceived stability
of Hornung's control.
5. Explain the business contract between Truslow and Hurnung in
detail.
The
business contract between Truslow and Hornung is a significant agreement that
outlines the terms and conditions of their transaction involving wheat. The
contract specifies the following key details:
The
contract involves two parties, referred to as the "Party of the First
Part" (Hornung) and the "Party of the Second Part" (Truslow).
Hornung represents the Party of the First Part, while Truslow is the Party of
the Second Part. The contract's primary purpose is the sale and transfer of a
specified quantity of wheat from Hornung to Truslow. It is explicitly stated
that the wheat is intended for export purposes only, emphasizing that it is not
for consumption or distribution within the United States of America or Canada.
The
contract specifies the quantity of wheat being transferred, which is one
hundred thousand bushels. The price agreed upon for the wheat is set at one
dollar and ten cents per bushel. This establishes the total monetary value of
the transaction. One of the critical provisions in the contract is the
restriction on the use of the wheat. Truslow is explicitly prohibited from
using the wheat for consumption or distribution within the United States or
Canada. This clause ensures that the wheat is intended for exportation to
foreign ports.
The
contract requires both parties to affix their signatures to signify their
agreement and acceptance of the terms. Additionally, the signatures are
witnessed by Hornung's secretary, providing an official record of the
contract's execution. The contract serves as a legally binding agreement that
governs the sale and exportation of the specified quantity of wheat from
Hornung to Truslow. It outlines the terms, conditions, and obligations of both
parties involved in the transaction, providing a framework for the successful
execution of the deal.
6. How does Hornung realize he was cheated?
Hornung
realizes he was cheated when he receives information from the detective, Cyrus
Ryder, about Truslow's deceptive tactics with the Belt Line Railroad. Ryder's
investigation reveals that Truslow had been running the same wheat around
Chicago, making it appear as if it were a new shipment, and selling it back to
Hornung at a higher price. This revelation exposes Truslow's elaborate scheme
to exploit the wheat market.
The
discovery of this deceitful practice shocks Hornung and his broker, as they
realize the extent of Truslow's cunning manipulation. They grasp that they had
unknowingly repurchased their own wheat at inflated prices. This sudden
realization dawns on Hornung, making him acutely aware of the financial loss he
has incurred due to Truslow's scheme.
It
is this revelation that leads Hornung to acknowledge the cleverness of
Truslow's plan, even as he suffers a significant financial setback. Instead of
pursuing legal action, Hornung accepts the situation with a sense of begrudging
admiration for Truslow's strategic prowess in the ruthless world of commodities
trading.
7. How does Lewiston survive in Chicago?
In
Chicago, after losing his farm, Sam Lewiston displays remarkable resilience and
adaptability in order to survive. Initially, he secures a job with the street
cleaning brigade, a position that offers him a modest but steady income.
Through hard work and determination, Lewiston rises through the ranks,
ultimately becoming a deputy inspector. This progression provides him with
increased financial stability, allowing him to cover his basic needs and secure
a more comfortable living.
Lewiston
also practices frugality and careful budgeting, making the most of his
earnings. He manages his expenses wisely, ensuring that he can sustain himself
and provide for his wife, Emma, who eventually joins him in Chicago. While his
circumstances are far from luxurious, Lewiston's resourcefulness and
adaptability enable him to navigate the challenges of city life.
Furthermore,
Lewiston benefits from the free bread distribution provided by the Vienna
bakery, which serves as a crucial source of sustenance during particularly
challenging times. This resource helps him stretch his earnings further and
provides a safety net when finances are particularly tight. Overall, Sam
Lewiston's ability to persevere and find opportunities in the face of adversity
demonstrates his resilience and determination to make a life for himself in the
city.
8. What is 'bread-line'?
A
"bread line" is a term used to describe a line or queue of people
waiting to receive free or subsidized food, particularly loaves of bread. These
lines typically form in urban areas, especially during times of economic
hardship or food scarcity, and are often organized by charitable organizations,
community groups, or government agencies. The purpose of a bread line is to
provide basic sustenance to individuals or families who are facing financial
difficulties and may not have the means to purchase food.
People
in a bread line are usually those who are experiencing poverty, unemployment,
or homelessness, and they rely on the distribution of free food to meet their
basic nutritional needs. The term "bread line" originated during the
Great Depression in the United States when widespread economic hardship led to
a sharp increase in the number of people struggling to afford food.
In
addition to bread, other basic food items may also be distributed in bread
lines, such as canned goods, vegetables, or other non-perishable items. The
concept of a bread line highlights the societal efforts to address food
insecurity and provide a safety net for those in need, emphasizing the
importance of access to affordable and nutritious food for all members of a
community, especially during times of economic crisis.
9. How does Sam Lewiston's luck change?
Sam
Lewiston's luck changes when he secures a job with the street cleaning brigade
in Chicago. After losing his farm due to plummeting wheat prices orchestrated
by Truslow, known as the "Great Bear," Lewiston finds himself in a
dire situation. He is homeless and relies on the nightly bread distribution for
sustenance. However, Lewiston's fortunes take a turn for the better when he
joins the street cleaning brigade.
Through
hard work and determination, Lewiston rises through the ranks within the
brigade. He progresses from a laborer to becoming first shift-boss, then deputy
inspector, and ultimately an inspector. This upward mobility within the
organization signifies a significant improvement in his financial stability and
overall quality of life.
With
this newfound stability, Lewiston is able to reunite with his wife, Emma, and
they make a fresh start together. The opportunity provided by the street
cleaning brigade offers Lewiston a chance to rebuild his life after the
hardships he faced as a wheat farmer.
This
change in luck demonstrates Lewiston's resilience and adaptability in the face
of adversity. His ability to find employment and succeed in his new role within
the brigade ultimately leads to a more stable and hopeful future for himself
and his wife.
10. What is the lesson that Sam Lewiston knows from his own rise
and fall?
Through
his own rise and fall, Sam Lewiston learns the harsh realities of economic
forces and the precarious nature of livelihoods dependent on agriculture. He
experiences firsthand the volatility of the wheat market, which can be
influenced by factors beyond a farmer's control. Lewiston witnesses how
fluctuations in wheat prices, orchestrated by powerful players like Truslow,
can have devastating consequences for farmers.
Lewiston's
journey highlights the importance of adaptability and resilience in the face of
adversity. He initially faces a crisis as wheat prices plummet, forcing him to
leave his farm. However, he doesn't succumb to despair. Instead, he seeks new
opportunities in Chicago, eventually finding work with the street cleaning
brigade. His ability to adapt to a different line of work allows him to rebuild
his life.
The
experience also instills in Lewiston a deep empathy for those struggling in
similar circumstances. He witnesses the plight of others in the "bread
line" and understands the challenges faced by individuals who have fallen
on hard times. This newfound perspective serves as a reminder of the broader
societal issues at play, particularly in the agricultural and economic spheres.
Lewiston's
journey teaches him the importance of resilience, adaptability, and empathy. He
recognizes the need to navigate the complexities of economic forces while also
understanding the struggles faced by those affected by them.
C. Long Questions
1. What is naturalism in literature? Describe 'A Wheat deal at
Sixty-two' as a naturalist story.
Naturalism
in literature is a literary movement that emerged in the late 19th and early
20th centuries, emphasizing the influence of natural forces, environment, and
heredity on human behavior and destiny. It portrays characters as driven by
their instincts, external circumstances, and societal pressures rather than by
free will or individual agency. Naturalist literature often explores harsh,
deterministic environments and focuses on the struggles of individuals against
overwhelming odds.
"A
Deal in Wheat: The Bear—Wheat at Sixty-Two," by Frank Norris, exemplifies
naturalism in several key ways. The story delves into the economic and social
forces that shape the lives of its characters, particularly Sam Lewiston, a
farmer facing economic hardship. Lewiston's predicament is a direct result of
external factors like plummeting wheat prices, which are controlled by powerful
figures like Truslow and the bear clique.
The
naturalist elements in the story are evident in Lewiston's powerlessness to
alter the course of events. He is at the mercy of market forces, struggling to
survive in a ruthless economic environment. The deterministic nature of his
circumstances is highlighted by his options being limited to accepting an offer
to move to Chicago or face financial ruin. Lewiston's ultimate decision to
leave his farm and seek a new life in the city is driven by his inability to
control the economic forces that govern his existence.
Furthermore,
the setting of the story, a farm in southwestern Kansas, reflects the harsh,
unforgiving natural environment that shapes the characters' lives. The
relentless drought and plummeting wheat prices serve as external pressures that
dictate the course of events. The narrative does not shy away from depicting
the stark realities of agricultural life, emphasizing the brutality of the
natural world.
"A
Deal in Wheat: The Bear—Wheat at Sixty-Two" embodies naturalism through
its portrayal of characters driven by external forces, the deterministic nature
of their circumstances, and the unforgiving natural environment that shapes
their lives. It offers a bleak and unflinching exploration of the challenges
faced by individuals in the face of overwhelming economic and environmental
pressures.
2. The purpose of the author behind writing this story is to
criticize capitalist market. Justify.
Frank
Norris wrote "A Deal in Wheat: The Bear—Wheat at Sixty-Two" with the
purpose of critiquing the capitalist market and its impact on individuals,
particularly farmers like Sam Lewiston. The story provides a stark portrayal of
the exploitative practices and power imbalances within the wheat industry,
ultimately highlighting the detrimental effects of unchecked capitalism.
Firstly,
Norris critiques the market manipulation orchestrated by powerful figures like
Truslow and the bear clique. These individuals hold significant influence over
wheat prices, allowing them to control the livelihoods of farmers. Truslow's
ability to drive wheat prices down to sixty-two cents per bushel exemplifies
the extent of power that a select few wield in the market. This manipulation
results in financial devastation for farmers like Sam Lewiston, who are left
with little recourse in the face of such market forces.
Furthermore,
the story highlights the vulnerability of individual farmers within the
capitalist system. Sam Lewiston's struggles serve as a microcosm of the broader
challenges faced by small-scale agricultural producers. The narrative
emphasizes the disparity in power between these farmers and the larger, more
influential market players. This power dynamic leaves farmers like Lewiston
susceptible to exploitation and financial ruin, illustrating the inherent
inequities within the capitalist structure.
Moreover,
the narrative showcases the disconnect between the speculative trading of
commodities and the actual production of goods. The characters involved in the
wheat market, such as Truslow and Hornung, never physically interact with the
wheat they trade. Instead, they engage in financial maneuvers and calculations,
detached from the tangible realities of farming. This detachment highlights the
speculative and profit-driven nature of the market, where individuals
prioritize financial gain over the well-being of those directly involved in the
production process.
Overall,
Frank Norris uses "A Deal in Wheat" to criticize the capitalist
market by exposing its exploitative practices, power imbalances, and the
disregard for the well-being of individual producers. The story serves as a
commentary on the ruthless nature of unregulated capitalism and the detrimental
effects it can have on those at the mercy of market forces.
3. The author shows how middlemen take advantage of the
situation by playing foul tricks. Give a couple of examples from Nepali market
where the mediators get benefits at the plight of the farmers.
In
Nepal, as in many other countries, middlemen often exploit their positions to
the detriment of farmers, taking advantage of their vulnerabilities and
manipulating market conditions. Here are a couple of examples from the Nepali
market:
Middlemen
in the vegetable and fruit market often engage in price manipulation. They may
purchase produce from farmers at very low prices during times of oversupply or
when farmers are desperate to sell perishable goods. Later, these middlemen
store the produce and sell it at significantly higher prices when there is a
shortage in the market. This results in substantial profits for the middlemen,
while farmers receive very little for their hard work.
Middlemen
may charge exorbitant fees for transporting and storing agricultural products.
Since many farmers do not have direct access to markets, they rely on middlemen
to transport their goods. The middlemen exploit this reliance by charging
inflated fees, cutting into the already meager profits of the farmers.
In
the livestock market, middlemen are known to undervalue animals during the
purchasing process. They take advantage of farmers' lack of knowledge about
market prices and the weight of animals. This allows them to buy livestock at
prices far below their actual market value.
Middlemen
often establish monopolies in local marketplaces. They control the buying and
selling of livestock, dictating prices to their advantage. This limits farmers'
options and forces them to accept the prices set by the middlemen, even if they
are not fair.
These
examples illustrate how middlemen in Nepal exploit their position as
intermediaries between farmers and consumers. They use various tactics to
manipulate market conditions and maximize their own profits, often at the
expense of the hardworking farmers. This imbalance of power and exploitation of
farmers is a common issue in agricultural markets worldwide. Efforts to promote
transparency, fair trade practices, and direct farmer-consumer interactions can
help mitigate these challenges.
4. Two words 'Bear' and 'Bull' are popular words of share
market. Taking the help from the internet, write two paragraphs about 'The
Bull' and 'The Bear' in Nepali share market and give presentation in your
class.
In
the context of the stock market, the terms "Bear" and
"Bull" are widely used to describe the market sentiment and the
direction in which prices are trending.
Bear
Market: A "Bear Market" refers to a period in the stock market
characterized by a prolonged and significant decline in stock prices. During a
bear market, investor confidence is low, and there is an overall pessimistic
outlook on the economy. This can be caused by various factors such as economic
recession, political instability, or other negative events that erode investor
confidence. In a bear market, investors are more inclined to sell their
holdings, anticipating further declines in stock prices. As a result, the
demand for stocks decreases, leading to a continuous downtrend. The term
"Bear" is used because a bear typically swipes its paws downward,
symbolizing the downward movement of stock prices.
Bull
Market: Conversely, a "Bull Market" represents a period of sustained
growth and rising stock prices. In a bull market, investor confidence is high,
and there is an optimistic outlook on the economy. This often occurs during
periods of economic prosperity, low unemployment, and positive corporate
earnings reports. Investors are more willing to buy stocks, anticipating future
price increases. The term "Bull" is used because a bull charges
forward with its horns raised, symbolizing the upward movement of stock prices.
Both
bear and bull markets are natural parts of the market cycle and can have
significant impacts on investors' portfolios. Traders and investors closely
monitor market conditions to make informed decisions about buying or selling
stocks.
It's
important to note that market conditions can change, and transitions between
bear and bull markets are influenced by various economic, political, and global
factors. Understanding these terms allows investors to navigate the
complexities of the stock market and make strategic investment decisions based
on the prevailing market sentiment.
5. The author writes, "Few in the crowd were professional
beggars." Why do you think there were beggars in a rich country like
America?
The
presence of beggars in a prosperous country like America can be attributed to
several complex socio-economic factors:
Income
Inequality: Despite being a wealthy nation, America grapples with significant
income inequality. The gap between the rich and the poor has widened over the
years. While some individuals and families enjoy affluence, others struggle to
make ends meet. This disparity in wealth distribution can lead to a segment of
the population living in poverty and resorting to begging for survival.
Lack
of Access to Resources: Some individuals may face barriers that limit their
access to education, employment, healthcare, and social services. These
barriers can stem from factors such as discrimination, disability, mental
health issues, or a lack of adequate support systems. Without access to
essential resources, individuals may find themselves in dire circumstances,
resorting to begging as a last resort.
Unemployment
and Underemployment: Despite overall economic prosperity, America experiences
periods of economic downturns and recessions. During such times, job
opportunities may become scarce, leading to high levels of unemployment. Even
when jobs are available, they may not offer stable income or sufficient wages
to cover basic living expenses. This can force individuals into a cycle of
poverty, making begging a means of survival.
Mental
Health and Addiction Issues: Some beggars may struggle with mental health
disorders or addiction issues. These individuals may face challenges in
maintaining stable employment and housing. The lack of adequate support and
resources for mental health and addiction can exacerbate their situation,
leading them to beg for financial assistance.
Lack
of Affordable Housing: In many urban areas, the cost of housing has
skyrocketed, making it difficult for low-income individuals and families to
secure stable, affordable housing. This can result in homelessness, pushing
some individuals into a situation where begging becomes a means of meeting
basic needs.
Criminalization
of Homelessness: In some regions, laws and policies targeting homelessness and
panhandling can limit the options available to individuals experiencing
homelessness. These policies may restrict their ability to access shelters or
public spaces, leaving them with few alternatives but to beg for assistance.
While
America is a wealthy country, complex socio-economic factors contribute to the
presence of beggars. Addressing this issue requires a multi-faceted approach
that includes efforts to reduce income inequality, improve access to resources
and support systems, and implement policies that prioritize affordable housing
and mental health services.
Best of Luck
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