1.
Letter of Christopher Columbus: On His First Voyage to America, 1492
by
Christopher Columbus
Summary
Christopher
Columbus, an Italian navigator, served King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I
of Spain, embarking on four trans-Atlantic voyages. Despite earlier Viking
visits to the Americas, Columbus is credited with discovering the New World. He
documented his journeys, paving the way for European colonization. Columbus
highlighted the equivalence of South American civilizations to European ones.
He emphasized the need for European influence in the New World, ultimately
leading to the Christianization and Spanishization of the continent.
Christopher
Columbus expresses joy in his successful voyage to the Indies, funded by King
Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. He claims to have discovered numerous islands,
naming them San Salvador, Santa Maria de Concepcion, Fernandina, Isabella, and
Juana. He explores Juana extensively, hoping to find great cities, but
encounters only small settlements. Faced with the onset of winter and
unfavorable winds, he turns back, sending men to search for a king or large
city. They find numerous small communities but no organized government.
Columbus emphasizes his proclamation and possession of the lands for the
Sovereigns without resistance.
Christopher
Columbus recounts his exploration of Hispaniola after hearing from indigenous
people that it was an island. He describes its extensive coastline, impressive
ports, and abundant rivers, some reportedly carrying gold. The island features
diverse landscapes with towering mountains, lush meadows, and picturesque
trees. Columbus marvels at the evergreen foliage and various flora, including
palm trees, pine forests, and an array of fruits. He notes the absence of iron
or weapons among the natives, who are well-built but timid. They wield sticks
of cane as their only form of defense and flee at the sight of Columbus's crew,
despite his attempts to protect them.
Christopher
Columbus reflects on his interactions with timid indigenous people during his
voyage. He notes their increasing confidence and generosity, emphasizing their
willingness to share whatever they have, regardless of its value. Columbus
regrets instances where his crew took advantage of their kindness. He strives
to win their trust by offering valuable items and encourages them to embrace
Christianity and serve the Spanish monarchy. Columbus observes their belief in
a higher power and their conviction that he and his crew came from heaven. They
view him as celestial beings and welcome them warmly, offering food and drink
as a sign of kindness and acceptance.
Christopher
Columbus describes the impressive canoes in the islands he's encountered, often
larger and faster than galleys. These vessels facilitate extensive trade
between numerous islands. He notes the similarities in appearance, habits, and
language among the native people, indicating a potential for their conversion
to Christianity. Columbus asserts that Juana (Cuba) is larger than England and
Scotland combined, with unexplored provinces, including Avan. He emphasizes the
significance of Hispaniola, larger in circumference than a significant portion
of Spain. Columbus asserts his claim to these lands on behalf of King Ferdinand
and Queen Isabella, asserting their authority over them.
Christopher
Columbus establishes a town, Navidad, in Hispaniola, securing it strategically for
gold mining and trade. He fortifies it with men, weapons, and supplies, leaving
a boat for further exploration. Columbus describes the native people as timid,
lacking knowledge of weaponry or clothing. He notes that they are monogamous,
except for chiefs who may have multiple wives. Women are hardworking and
communal. The locals have straight, coarse hair and are not black like in
Guinea. Columbus dispels rumors of monsters but mentions encountering a fierce
tribe known for cannibalism. He hints at vast wealth in other islands.
Christopher
Columbus asserts his ability to procure vast quantities of gold, spices,
cotton, mastic, lign-aloe, and heathen slaves with the support of King
Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. He suggests the potential discovery of rhubarb
and cinnamon. Columbus regrets that his progress was hindered by uncooperative
crews, expressing confidence that more could have been achieved. He credits God
for the success of the voyage and urges celebrations and thanksgivings
throughout Christendom. He writes this note aboard his ship near the Canary
Isles on February 15, 1493, signifying his unwavering loyalty to the Crown.
A. Multiple
Choice Questions
1.
This letter was written by Columbus from..............
a) Pacific islands
b) Caribbean
islands
c) Malayan
archipelago
d) Mainland South
America
2.
In the letter, the author seems being..............by the islands.
a) puzzled
b) bewildered
c) shocked
d) mesmerized
3.
Which geographical area the author indicates by the use of the word 'Cathay' ?
a) China
b) Korea
c) Hongkong
d) Taiwan
4.
This letter was written..............1493.
a) in early
b) in mid
c) in late
d) after
5.
The overall tone of the letter means that the islands are to be governed by..............
a) Islamic monarch
b) Christian
prince
c) local people
d) a rich man from
Europe
EXTRA MCQs
1. Who funded Christopher Columbus's
voyages to the Indies?
a) King
Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I of Spain
b) King Henry
VIII of England
c) Queen
Elizabeth I of England
d) King Louis
XIV of France
2. What is Christopher Columbus credited
with discovering?
a) Australia
b) Asia
c) The New
World
d) Africa
3. What did Columbus name the first
island he discovered?
a) Santa
Maria de Concepcion
b) Isabella
c) San
Salvador
d) Juana
4. Why did Columbus turn back from his
exploration of Juana?
a)
Unfavorable winds
b) Lack of
provisions
c) Onset of
winter
d) Hostile
indigenous people
5. What did Columbus observe about the
indigenous people's reaction to his crew?
a) They
welcomed them with open arms
b) They fled
in fear
c) They
offered gifts of gold
d) They
engaged in trade
6. How did Columbus describe the canoes
he encountered in the islands?
a) Larger and
faster than galleys
b) Fragile
and slow
c) Smaller
than rowing boats
d) None of
the above
7. What did Columbus emphasize as a
potential benefit of European influence in the New World?
a) Economic
prosperity
b) Cultural
exchange
c)
Christianization and Spanishization
d)
Environmental conservation
8. What did Columbus establish in
Hispaniola for strategic purposes?
a) A fort
named Navidad
b) A trade
route
c) A
diplomatic alliance
d) A
religious mission
9. How did Columbus describe the
indigenous people's attitude towards possessions?
a) Generous
and unsuspicious
b)
Mistrustful and reserved
c) Greedy and
possessive
d)
Indifferent and aloof
10. According to Columbus, what did the
indigenous people believe about his origin?
a) He came
from Asia
b) He came
from Africa
c) He came
from Europe
d) He came
from heaven
11. What did Columbus suggest could be
found in the New World in terms of valuable resources?
a) Rhubarb
and cinnamon
b) Silk and
porcelain
c) Diamonds
and rubies
d) Platinum
and uranium
12. What did Columbus compare the size
of Juana (Cuba) to?
a) England
and Scotland combined
b) Italy and
Greece combined
c) France
and Spain combined
d) Asia and
Africa combined
13. What was the purpose of leaving a
boat in Navidad according to Columbus?
a) For
further exploration
b) For trade
with the indigenous people
c) As a gift
to the natives
d) As a form
of defense
14. What did Columbus say about the
indigenous people's knowledge of weaponry?
a) They were
skilled warriors
b) They were
completely unfamiliar with weapons
c) They only
used bows and arrows
d) They
relied on advanced firearms
15. What did Columbus mention
encountering in the second isle, which he considered fierce?
a) Monsters
b)
Aggressive wildlife
c)
Cannibalistic tribes
d) Dangerous
terrain
16. According to Columbus, who could
benefit from the success of his voyage?
a) Spain and
all Christian nations
b) Only
Spain
c) Only the
native inhabitants
d) Only King
Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
17. What resources did Columbus mention
as potentially profitable for trade?
a) Gold,
spices, and cotton
b) Iron,
steel, and weapons
c) Glass,
ceramics, and leather
d) Wine,
wheat, and livestock
18. What did Columbus attribute his
success to in the voyage?
a) His
navigational skills
b) The
support of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
c) Divine
intervention
d) Favorable
weather conditions
19. What date did Columbus write the
note aboard his ship near the Canary Isles?
a) February
15, 1493
b) October
12, 1492
c) July 4,
1492
d) December
25, 1493
20. What did Columbus hope to achieve by
documenting his journeys?
a) Paving
the way for European colonization
b)
Establishing a legacy as an explorer
c) Keeping a
personal record for posterity
d) Gaining
recognition from other explorers
B. Short
Questions and Answers
1.
What was the immediate purpose of writing this letter?
The immediate
purpose of writing this letter was to inform King Ferdinand II and Queen
Isabella I of Spain about the success of Christopher Columbus's historic voyage
to the New World. Columbus sought to provide a detailed account of his
discoveries, including the various islands he encountered, naming them as San
Salvador, Santa Maria de Concepcion, Fernandina, Isabella, and Juana. He
meticulously described the landscapes, inhabitants, and resources he
encountered during his exploration. Moreover, Columbus emphasized his
proclamation and possession of these lands on behalf of the Spanish Sovereigns,
underscoring that he faced no opposition in doing so.
Additionally,
Columbus aimed to demonstrate the immense potential of these newly discovered
territories, assuring the King and Queen of the abundance of resources like
gold, spices, cotton, and other valuable commodities that could be obtained
with their support. By writing this letter, Columbus sought to solidify his
achievements, secure further backing for future voyages, and reinforce the
Spanish monarchy's claim to these newfound lands. He wanted to lay the groundwork
for future exploration, trade, and ultimately, the expansion of the Spanish
Empire. This letter, therefore, served as a crucial communication, shaping the
narrative of the New World and its significance for Spain's geopolitical and
economic interests.
2.
How was the island (Hispaniola) different from the Christendom?
Hispaniola, as
described by Christopher Columbus, differed from the Christendom in several
notable ways. Firstly, the landscape of Hispaniola was characterized by
extensive coastlines, impressive ports, and abundant rivers. It featured
towering mountains, lush meadows, and diverse flora, including palm trees and
pine forests. This natural abundance was different from the landscapes of
Europe, showcasing a unique environment that held significant potential for
exploration and resource acquisition.
Furthermore, the
indigenous people of Hispaniola exhibited distinct customs and practices. They
lacked knowledge of iron, steel, and weaponry, relying on rudimentary cane
sticks for defense. This marked a stark contrast to the advanced weaponry and
technology prevalent in Europe during the Christendom era. The inhabitants were
described as well-built but timid, showcasing a contrasting demeanor to the
assertive and martial European societies.
In terms of social
structure, Hispaniola's natives exhibited a different approach to relationships
and governance. They practiced monogamy, except for chiefs who were allowed
multiple wives. Women were portrayed as industrious and communal, sharing
resources and labor. This communal ethos was different from the often rigid
social hierarchies found in Europe.
Religiously, the
inhabitants of Hispaniola believed in a higher power residing in heaven,
displaying a simpler form of spiritual belief compared to the complex religious
structures of Christendom.
Overall,
Hispaniola stood as a testament to the diversity and complexity of the world
beyond the boundaries of Europe, challenging the prevailing perceptions of the
time and offering a glimpse into the rich cultural tapestry of the New World.
3.
Did the people in the islands believe in a particular religion or not? What did
they think about the existence of God? Explain.
The people in the
islands, as described by Christopher Columbus, did not adhere to any organized
religion. They held a belief in a higher power, residing in heaven, but it was
not associated with any specific religious doctrines or practices. Their
spirituality seemed to be simple and unstructured compared to the organized
religions prevalent in Europe during Columbus's time.
The natives viewed
power and goodness as emanating from heaven, indicating a basic understanding
of a divine force governing the world. This belief was likely rooted in their
observations of natural phenomena and their experiences in the world around
them. It's important to note that their conception of God may have been
significantly different from the complex theological frameworks of Christianity
prevalent in Europe.
Columbus, arriving
with his ships and crew, was initially perceived by the islanders as having
descended from heaven, which further reinforced their belief in a celestial
connection. This perception likely arose from their lack of exposure to people
from different cultures and regions. They viewed Columbus and his crew as
celestial beings, showing their reverence and awe.
Overall, the
natives' belief system was characterized by a simple faith in a higher power
without the organized religious structures and doctrines found in the
Christendom of Columbus's era. Their spirituality was closely tied to their
observations of the natural world and their interactions with it.
4.
How did the islanders react upon Columbus's arrival? Discuss.
Upon Columbus's
arrival, the islanders initially reacted with a mixture of fear, awe, and
curiosity. They had never encountered people from distant lands, especially
those with different appearances, clothing, and advanced technology like
European ships. Their initial response was characterized by timidity and a
sense of wonder.
The islanders'
fear was evident in their initial reluctance to engage with Columbus and his
crew. They fled upon seeing the strangers, demonstrating their apprehension of
the unknown. However, as time went on and they gained confidence, their fear
began to dissipate.
The awe and
curiosity of the islanders were sparked by their belief that Columbus and his
crew had descended from heaven. This perception was likely influenced by their
lack of exposure to different cultures and the advanced technology of European
ships. They viewed Columbus and his men as celestial beings and were fascinated
by their clothing, ships, and tools.
As their
interactions with Columbus continued, the islanders gradually grew more
comfortable and welcoming. They became generous and open-hearted, offering food
and drink to their guests. This transformation in behavior reflected a shift
from fear and apprehension to trust and acceptance.
Overall, the
islanders' reactions to Columbus's arrival evolved from fear and awe to
curiosity, trust, and hospitality as they gained confidence and familiarity
with the newcomers. Their initial perception of Columbus as a celestial being
played a significant role in shaping their responses.
5.
What was the man-woman relationship like on the islands when Columbus landed
there?
In the islands
where Columbus landed, the man-woman relationship appeared to be communal and
based on cooperation rather than individual ownership. Columbus observed a
striking difference in gender roles compared to European societies of his time.
The women on these
islands were noted to be hardworking and industrious. They were actively
involved in various aspects of daily life, including agriculture, gathering
food, and other communal tasks. There seemed to be a collective effort where
women contributed to the well-being of the community as a whole.
Additionally,
there were indications that the women in these societies did not possess
individual property or possessions. Columbus noted that it appeared that what
one woman had, others shared. This suggests a sense of communal ownership and a
lack of emphasis on personal material wealth or possessions.
In terms of
relationships, Columbus did not provide explicit details on romantic or
familial dynamics. However, it is clear that the communal nature of their
society extended to social interactions, including those between men and women.
The emphasis on cooperation and communal living likely influenced their
interpersonal relationships, which may have been characterized by mutual
support and shared responsibilities.
Overall, the
man-woman relationship in these island societies appeared to be defined by a
sense of collective effort, with women actively contributing to the community's
well-being and a lack of individual ownership of property or possessions.
6.
According to Columbus, how could Spain gain economic benefit from the islands?
According to
Columbus, Spain could gain significant economic benefit from the islands
through various means, primarily through the acquisition of valuable resources
and trade opportunities.
1. Gold and
Metals:
Columbus reported the presence of mines of various metals on the islands,
including gold. This was particularly appealing to Spain, as it promised a
direct source of precious metals, which were highly valued and could greatly
enhance the country's wealth.
2. Spices: Columbus
mentioned the potential discovery of spices. In the 15th century, spices were
extremely valuable commodities, often traded at high prices. Controlling the
spice trade route could be immensely profitable for Spain.
3. Cotton: Columbus also
indicated that cotton was available on the islands. Cotton was a valuable
material in Europe, and having a local source would reduce the dependence on
imports.
4. Mastic and
Lign-aloe:
These were specific natural resources that Columbus believed could be harvested
and shipped back to Spain. These were potentially lucrative trade goods.
5. Trade
Opportunities:
Columbus noted the abundance of goods and resources that could be procured from
the islands. This implied the potential for a flourishing trade relationship
between Spain and the indigenous populations.
6. Slaves: Columbus also
mentioned the possibility of obtaining slaves from the islands. While this is
morally reprehensible today, it was a common practice in that era, and having a
new source of labor would have been seen as economically advantageous.
Overall, Columbus
believed that the islands held a wealth of valuable resources that, if properly
exploited and managed, could significantly contribute to Spain's economic
prosperity. This perception played a significant role in encouraging further
exploration and colonization efforts in the Americas.
C. Long
Questions and Answers.
1.
Why do you think the King and Queen of Castile sponsored Columbus' voyage to
the New World? Do you think Columbus seems faithful towards the king and the
queen? Explain.
The King and Queen
of Castile, Ferdinand II and Isabella I, sponsored Columbus' voyage to the New
World for a combination of political, economic, and religious reasons.
One of the primary
motivations was the pursuit of economic gain. The monarchs believed that by
establishing new trade routes to Asia, they could gain access to valuable goods
such as spices, silks, and other luxury items. Additionally, Columbus promised
potential wealth through the discovery of precious metals like gold.
Spain was in
competition with other European powers, particularly Portugal. The Portuguese
had already made significant strides in exploration, particularly in Africa,
and the Spanish monarchs sought to establish their own overseas empire to
enhance their global influence and prestige.
The Catholic
monarchs were devout Christians, and they saw the potential for spreading
Christianity to new territories. Columbus himself was driven by a strong sense
of religious mission and believed that his voyages were ordained by God. The
prospect of converting indigenous peoples to Christianity was an appealing aspect
of the enterprise.
Regarding
Columbus's faithfulness towards the king and queen, there are indications of
loyalty, but there are also instances where he may have overstepped his bounds.
Columbus's writings often express a deep sense of gratitude and allegiance to
the monarchs. He frequently refers to them with honorific titles and attributes
his successes to their support.
However,
Columbus's tone occasionally displays a degree of self-assuredness that might
be perceived as presumptuous. For instance, he asserts his claims to the
discovered lands on behalf of the Sovereigns without waiting for official
confirmation. This could be seen as a bold move, suggesting a level of
confidence that might border on audacity.
Columbus appears
faithful and appreciative of the king and queen's support, there are moments
where he exhibits a degree of independence and confidence in his own authority.
His actions, driven by a fervent belief in his mission, reflect a complex
dynamic of loyalty and self-assuredness towards the Crown.
2.
How does Columbus make references to the religious and economic objectives of
his voyage? Cite examples from the letter.
Christopher
Columbus explicitly references both religious and economic objectives in his
letter. These objectives were central to his mission and reflected the
motivations of his sponsors, King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I of Spain.
Columbus emphasizes
his belief in divine intervention and attributes his success to the providence
of God. He writes, "Our Lord it is Who gives to all who walk in His way,
victory over things apparently impossible" and mentions "celebrating
it with great festivities and solemn Thanksgivings to the Holy Trinity."
These statements underscore his strong religious convictions and his view that
his voyage was a God-ordained mission. He notes the indigenous people's belief
in a higher power, stating, "They firmly believed that I, with my ships
and men, came from heaven." This highlights the potential for religious
conversion and the spread of Christianity in the New World.
Columbus
explicitly states his ability to procure valuable resources for the Crown,
including gold, spices, cotton, and slaves. He writes, "I can give them as
much gold as they desire, if they will give me a little assistance" and
mentions the potential discovery of valuable commodities like rhubarb and
cinnamon. He emphasizes the economic potential of the discovered lands,
asserting, "I can give them as much gold as they desire." This
reflects the economic ambitions of both Columbus and his sponsors, who sought
to establish lucrative trade routes to Asia.
Columbus
strategically intertwines religious and economic objectives in his letter. This
served to align his mission with the interests of the Catholic monarchs. By
framing his voyage as a means of spreading Christianity while promising
economic gain, Columbus appealed to both the spiritual and material ambitions
of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. This dual emphasis was instrumental in
securing their sponsorship for his historic journey.
3.
This is a formal letter written by Columbus to the Treasurer of Aragon. How
does the writer maintain formality in the letter? Cite some examples.
Christopher
Columbus maintains a formal tone in the letter to the Treasurer of Aragon
through various linguistic and structural elements: Columbus begins the letter
with a respectful salutation, addressing the recipient as "Very noble and
learned Doctor Rafael Sanchez." This formal address shows deference and
acknowledges the recipient's status and knowledge. Throughout the letter,
Columbus employs polite and courteous language. For instance, he uses phrases
like "I write this to tell you," which reflects a respectful and
considerate tone.
Columbus
consistently refers to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella as "their
Highnesses," emphasizing their royal status. This usage is a mark of
respect and deference to the Crown. Columbus repeatedly acknowledges the
support and sponsorship he received from King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella,
expressing gratitude and loyalty. This reinforces the formal relationship
between the Crown and Columbus.
Columbus employs
honorific titles when referring to the monarchs, such as "our most
illustrious King and Queen" and "our Redeemer." These titles
convey respect and elevate the status of the recipients. The letter concludes
with a formal valediction, "Yours to command, THE ADMIRAL." This
closing phrase reaffirms Columbus's readiness to follow orders and demonstrates
his deference to the recipient.
Columbus refrains
from using casual or familiar language in the letter. He maintains a
professional and distant tone, avoiding any expressions of familiarity or
intimacy. The letter primarily focuses
on recounting the events of the voyage and detailing the discoveries, without
delving into personal or informal anecdotes. This maintains a professional and
objective tone.
Columbus's
language, address, expressions of gratitude, and references to royalty all
contribute to the formal tone of the letter. These elements collectively convey
a sense of respect, decorum, and deference, fitting for a communication
addressed to a high-ranking official in the royal court.
Best of
Luck
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