ESSAY
3. The Case for Xanthippe
by Robert Graves
SUMMARY
The author acknowledges relying on intuition
for writing poetry and life's management but doesn't discard reason. Poets must
be reasonable, and poems, while born of intuition, should make sense. The
distinction between 'reasonable' and 'rational' is discussed, the former having
human warmth and the latter coldness. Reason is praised for isolating facts
from hearsay and creating cause-effect systems. However, it has limits –
original art, humor, and religious feeling elude it.
Reason was reasonable in ancient times, even
in geometry's practical origins. Greek philosophers extended it to abstraction
and metaphysics, ranking it above practical reason, leading to a religious
crisis as gods were replaced by abstractions. Oaths' sanctity declined,
affecting neighboring lands. The author alludes to Jesus's warning against the
Greek-Jewish-Egyptian followers of Philo, who interpreted Jehovah's law. In the
flux of reason, the balance between practicality and abstraction, religion and
gods, wavered, impacting society's values and beliefs.
The relationship between philosophy and
poetry, asserting that philosophy contradicts poetry's emphasis on individual
uniqueness. Poets rely on personal rhythm and mistrust philosophy's tendency to
reduce individuals to numbers in governmental schemes. The text highlights how
reason is misused in politics and how philosophers prioritize abstraction over
practicality. Women and poets were natural allies in ancient Greece, opposing
philosophers' abstract reasoning that threatened societal balance.
Socrates is discussed, contrasting his
metaphysical theories with Xanthippe's intuitive apprehension of their negative
consequences on the family and society. The shift from personal religion to
organized Christianity is explored, with Roman bishops controlling education
and arts. The Church struggled to reconcile faith with reason, training
missionaries and apologists in rhetoric. This led to a disregard for practical
problems and a decline in Roman society.
The evolving relationship between the Church,
science, and poetry. The Church's monopoly on mental exercises weakened with
the Crusaders' contact with the Orient and the revival of vernacular poetry
after the Reformation. Galileo's persecution for endorsing heliocentrism
exemplified the Church's control and censorship. Coexistence rather than
integration emerged between science and theology, allowing scientific pursuit
while maintaining belief in miracles.
Abstract reason now denies poetry's
significance, and the text argues that reason, once a servant of practicality,
has become its master. The essay questions the ethical responsibility of
scientists in experimenting with knowledge, exemplified by Nazi surgeons and
nuclear warfare. Despite this, neither female intuition nor poetic intuition
holds much weight in the modern world, as reason and science dominate societal
discourse.
The careful use of the term 'intuition' and
its distinction from instinct. Intuition operates beyond habitual actions,
involving the mind's trance-like engagement with problems lacking rational
solutions. While male intellectuals often disregard it as irrational and
feminine, intuition preserved in men can lead to genius. True genius in poetry
or science relies on profound intuitive thinking, drawing from a vast store of
experience to make mental leaps across ignorance. A genuine poem's nucleus is a
single phrase offering insight into its eventual form.
Scientists usually ratiocinate but rely on intuition
for groundbreaking discoveries. Without intuitive geniuses, science would lag.
Kekule and Hamilton made visionary discoveries, later rationalized into
scientific systems. However, their focus on abstraction over human problems led
to industries benefiting from their findings but making life more rational than
reasonable. Rational schooling discourages intuitive thought, fostering mass
conformity. This system, while economically advantageous, overlooks the crime
and maladjustment resulting from it. Technologists address this by offering
tranquilizers, prisons, mental hospitals, and social workers, revealing the
complexities of societal rationalization.
The conflict between rationalization and
human instinct, causing maladjustment in urban life. City living involves
artifice, distancing people from natural appetites. As urbanization expands,
rural areas are industrialized, causing conflicts. Though rural life isn't
necessarily happier, humane and creative thought dependent on intuition suffers
under urban reason's abstract rule. Medicine, art, literature, and
entertainment are rationalized, while intuition diminishes in creative fields.
Technology matured, but emotional maturity
lags, impacting progress. Politicians and institutions suppress personal
liberty and intuition. Few poets remain, resisting mechanistic philosophy and
upholding imaginative freedom. The author suffers a poetic obsession, valuing a
reasonable, humorous way of being genuine. They safeguard poetic institutions
from mechanized, inhumane rationality, reflecting the tension between intuition
and rationalization.
A. Multiple Choice Questions
1.
Xanthippe was Socrates'...............................
a) daughter
b) wife
c) sister
d) mother
2.
Pythagoras was ancient Greek..................................
a) philosopher
b) dramatist
c) mathematician
d) musician
3.
In ancient Greek society, philosophy was.....................................
a) male
prerogative
b) common to men
and women
c) popular among
women
d) unpopular among
men
4.
Julius Caesar was from ancient.......................................
a) Egypt
b) Greece
c) Rome
d) Persia
5.
Education was Christianized in Rome in the.............................century
BCE.
a) 4th
b) 5th
c) 6th
d) 7th
6. Galileo
was imprisoned for saying...........................
a) the sun goes
round the sun.
b) the earth is
stationary.
c) the earth goes
round the sun.
d) both sun and
earth go round and round.
Extra MCQs
1. According to the author, what is the relationship between
intuition and reason in poetry and life management?
a)
Intuition should be completely relied upon, discarding reason.
b)
Intuition and reason should always be balanced in equal measure.
c)
Intuition is important, but reason must be used to check it when possible.
d)
Intuition is irrelevant in poetry and life management.
2. What is the distinction made between "reasonable"
and "rational"?
a)
"Reasonable" is cold and inhuman, while "rational" has warm
connotations.
b)
"Reasonable" has a practical aspect, while "rational"
focuses on abstract thinking.
c)
"Reasonable" is an adjective for art, while "rational" is
an adjective for science.
d)
"Reasonable" is applicable to humans, while "rational" is
applicable to machines.
3. How does the author view the role of reason in isolating
facts?
a)
Reason often fails to isolate facts accurately.
b)
Reason is invaluable in creating cause-effect systems.
c)
Reason is unimportant in dealing with facts.
d)
Reason has no role in isolating facts.
4. What is the impact of Greek philosophers extending reason to
abstraction and metaphysics?
a)
It led to a religious revival and a return to ancient beliefs.
b)
It resulted in a decline in political power for philosophers.
c)
It caused a conflict between reason and intuition in society.
d)
It introduced practicality to philosophy and enhanced its relevance.
5. What is the author's stance on the Church's control over
mental exercises?
a)
The Church's control over mental exercises should be further strengthened.
b)
The Church's control over mental exercises has weakened over time.
c)
The Church's control over mental exercises has remained consistent.
d)
The Church's control over mental exercises should be handed over to scientists.
6. Why did Galileo face persecution by the Church?
a)
For endorsing abstract reasoning over practicality.
b)
For introducing non-religious beliefs in society.
c)
For endorsing heliocentrism, challenging the Church's view of the universe.
d)
For promoting poetry and creative thought in opposition to the Church's
doctrine.
7. What is the relationship between scientists and intuition,
according to the text?
a)
Scientists primarily rely on intuition for their work.
b)
Intuition is irrelevant to scientific discoveries.
c)
Intuition leads scientists to irrational conclusions.
d)
Intuition plays a crucial role in groundbreaking discoveries.
8. How does the text describe the role of intuition in creative
fields?
a)
Intuition is important for creating original artworks.
b)
Intuition hinders creativity and should be avoided.
c)
Intuition supports practical thinking in creative fields.
d)
Intuition helps artists produce abstract art more effectively.
9. What does the author suggest about the relationship between
reason and emotion in the modern world?
a)
Emotion is irrelevant in the modern world dominated by reason.
b)
Reason and emotion coexist harmoniously in the modern world.
c)
Emotion and reason often conflict, leading to societal issues.
d)
Reason and emotion are independent of each other in the modern world.
10. What impact does rational schooling have on intuitive
thought, according to the text?
a)
Rational schooling encourages and nurtures intuitive thought.
b)
Rational schooling discourages intuitive thought and fosters conformity.
c)
Rational schooling has no impact on intuitive thought.
d)
Rational schooling promotes intuitive thought above rational thinking.
11. How does the author view the role of technology in societal
progress?
a)
Technology has led to emotional maturity matching its technological
advancements.
b)
Technology has outpaced emotional maturity, leading to issues in society.
c)
Technology and emotional maturity are unrelated concepts.
d)
Technology has hindered emotional maturity but improved societal progress.
12. What is the author's perspective on the balance between
reason and intuition in societal discourse?
a)
Reason should always take precedence over intuition.
b)
Intuition should always be prioritized over reason.
c) A
balance should be maintained between reason and intuition.
d)
Intuition is irrelevant in societal discourse dominated by reason.
13. How does the author describe the relationship between poets
and mechanistic philosophy?
a)
Poets fully embrace mechanistic philosophy.
b)
Poets resist mechanistic philosophy and uphold imaginative freedom.
c)
Poets are indifferent to mechanistic philosophy.
d)
Poets believe that mechanistic philosophy enhances their work.
14. What is the author's stance on the significance of intuition
and female intuition in the modern world?
a)
Intuition is the most valuable quality in the modern world.
b)
Female intuition is more valuable than male intuition.
c)
Intuition holds little importance in the modern world.
d)
Female intuition is more relevant than ever in the modern world.
15. How does the author view the societal impact of mechanistic
philosophy?
a)
Mechanistic philosophy has improved societal values and beliefs.
b)
Mechanistic philosophy has negatively impacted societal values and beliefs.
c)
Mechanistic philosophy has no impact on societal values and beliefs.
d)
Mechanistic philosophy has led
B. Short Questions
1. How does the essayist describe intuition, reason and
rationality?
In
the essay, the concepts of intuition, reason, and rationality are intricately
explored, each carrying distinct nuances that shape their role in human thought
and creativity. Intuition is depicted as a natural faculty that plays a vital
role in both writing poetry and navigating life. While it is acknowledged that
intuition guides the creation of poems and life choices, the essayist cautions
against discarding reason entirely. Instead, the essayist advocates for a
symbiotic relationship between intuition and reason, suggesting that poets, who
rely on intuition, should still embrace reason to ensure coherence and meaning
in their creations.
Reason
is highlighted as a powerful tool that extracts hard facts from the sea of
uncertainty. It is praised for its ability to construct cause-and-effect
systems and to bring order to various domains of knowledge. However, its
limitations become evident when applied to original art, humor, and religious experiences,
where it falls short of capturing the essence of these intangible aspects. This
limitation is portrayed as a contrast to the intuitive realm, where creativity
often flourishes without the constraints of rational analysis.
Rationality
is presented as an abstract, intellectual process that often takes precedence
in the modern world. It is distinguished from being "reasonable,"
which has warmer and more human connotations. The essayist argues that the
dominance of rationality has led to the suppression of individual uniqueness
and a mechanistic approach to various aspects of life. This conflict between
the rational and intuitive is depicted as a struggle that defines the modern
societal landscape, raising questions about the price paid for the prioritization
of rationality over the deeper, intuitive aspects of human existence.
2. What, according to the essayist, are the advantage and
disadvantages of reason?
According
to the essayist, reason possesses both advantages and disadvantages in its
application. One of the primary advantages of reason is its ability to isolate
hard facts from a sea of uncertainties and subjective interpretations. It
constructs orderly cause-and-effect systems, bringing clarity and organization
to complex information. Reason is seen as a tool that serves practical
purposes, allowing for logical problem-solving and informed decision-making. It
acts as a foundational pillar of knowledge and understanding in various
domains.
However,
the essayist also points out the limitations and disadvantages of reason. While
it excels in dealing with practical tasks and constructing systems, reason
often falls short when faced with matters of creativity, originality, and
subjective experiences. The essayist highlights that rationality struggles to
capture the essence of art, humor, and religious feelings. The pursuit of
reason may lead to oversimplification and reductionism, missing the nuances and
richness of human experiences. Moreover, the dominance of reason can lead to a
mechanistic view of the world, suppressing individual uniqueness and personal
expression.
In
essence, the essayist portrays reason as a valuable tool for managing concrete
information and facilitating pragmatic solutions. However, it comes with the
drawback of being inadequate in capturing the intricate and intangible aspects
of human existence, potentially sacrificing the depth of individual experience
and creativity in favor of a more rationalized, standardized approach.
3. In which field does the author say reason cannot work and
how?
The
author discusses how reason faces limitations, particularly in the realm of art
and creativity. While reason can excel in constructing orderly cause-and-effect
systems and analyzing facts, it struggles to capture the essence of originality
and artistic expression. The author suggests that reason's rigidity and focus
on logic can stifle the intuitive and imaginative aspects of art, leading to an
oversimplified and mechanistic understanding of creative endeavors.
The
author highlights that reason cannot effectively capture the process of
creating original poems, paintings, or music. The act of artistic creation
often relies on an intuitive level of thinking, drawing from a deep well of
experiences and emotions. This intuitive approach is not easily dissected by
reason, as it operates in a more subconscious and fluid manner. Reason's
attempt to rationalize artistic processes can lead to a loss of authenticity
and emotional depth in the final creative output.
Furthermore,
the author points out that reason fails to understand humor and religious
feelings. These aspects of human experience are nuanced and subjective, often
defying rational analysis. Humor, for example, relies on unexpected
associations and connections that are difficult to dissect through a purely
rational lens. Similarly, religious or spiritual experiences involve personal
connections and emotions that transcend mere rational explanations. In these
areas, reason's tendency to compartmentalize and categorize falls short, as it
struggles to capture the intricacies of human emotions and creativity.
4. How does the essayist bring philosophy and reason together?
The
essayist brings philosophy and reason together by examining their
interconnectedness and contrasting their roles. While acknowledging the value
of reason in constructing systematic explanations and analyzing facts, the
essayist highlights how philosophy often takes reason to new heights, exploring
abstract concepts and metaphysical ideas. The essayist suggests that philosophy
is a natural progression from the practical applications of reason, as
philosophers extend their inquiries into the realm of abstraction.
However,
the essayist also points out that the pursuit of philosophy can sometimes
overshadow practical reason. Philosophers are shown to prioritize abstract
reasoning over more immediate, practical concerns, leading to a disregard for
the practical problems of daily life. This dichotomy between abstract
philosophy and practical reason creates a tension that impacts societal values
and beliefs. The essayist thus brings philosophy and reason together by
highlighting their coexistence but also their potential for conflict and
imbalance.
Overall,
the essayist's portrayal of philosophy and reason underscores the complex
relationship between the two. While reason serves as the foundation for
systematic analysis, philosophy takes reason to higher realms of abstract
thought. However, the essayist cautions against an overemphasis on abstraction
at the cost of practicality, illustrating how the interplay between philosophy
and reason can shape both intellectual discourse and societal dynamics.
5. What was the thesis of contention between ancient Grecians
and Christians?
The
essay suggests that one of the key points of contention between ancient
Grecians and Christians was the approach to abstract reasoning and its impact
on religious beliefs. Greek philosophers delved into the realm of abstraction
and metaphysics, challenging traditional religious mythologies by attempting to
replace gods and goddesses with rational abstractions. This departure from
anthropomorphic deities caused a crisis of faith in the Greek society, leading
to a decline in the sanctity of oaths, treaties, and moral values.
In
contrast, Christianity emerged as a distinct religious movement, rooted in
faith and divine revelation. The Christian belief system clung to established
religious doctrines, while philosophers and their abstract reasoning posed a
challenge to these dogmas. The clash between these two worldviews, one
emphasizing faith and the other reason, shaped the religious landscape of the
time.
This
contention reflected broader debates about the role of reason in shaping
spiritual beliefs and societal norms, highlighting the tension between
philosophical abstraction and religious traditionalism in the ancient world.
6. How does the essayist bring distinction between the poet and
philosopher, and poetry and politics?
The
essayist underscores the distinction between poets and philosophers by
highlighting their differing approaches to individual uniqueness and
abstraction. Poets, according to the essay, rely on intuition and personal
rhythm to create works that reflect the human experience in a unique and imaginative
way. They emphasize the importance of emotion, individuality, and creative
freedom, positioning themselves in opposition to the cold abstraction of
philosophical reasoning.
This
distinction is further underscored in the essay's comparison between poetry and
politics. The author suggests that while poets champion imaginative freedom and
intuitive thought, politics demands a purely rational approach to life.
Politics, driven by the need for practical solutions and societal governance,
often rejects the humane intuitions that poets hold dear. This contrast
illuminates how poets and their intuitive creativity stand in stark contrast to
the calculated reasoning of politicians who prioritize efficiency and control.
In
essence, the essayist presents poets as advocates for individuality and
imaginative exploration, positioning them against the more systematic and
rationalistic worldviews of philosophers and politicians. This distinction
serves to emphasize the unique role that poetry plays in expressing the human
experience and the challenges it faces when confronted with rational and
pragmatic perspectives, both in philosophy and politics.
7. Why does the essayist identify the poet with women?
The
essayist's identification of poets with women appears to be rooted in the
association of intuitive thinking and emotional depth. Throughout the essay,
the author places a strong emphasis on intuition as a vital component of poetic
creation, contrasting it with the cold, analytical nature of rationality. This
intuitive approach is often linked to qualities traditionally associated with
the feminine, such as emotional sensitivity, imagination, and a certain
fluidity of thought that transcends strict logical frameworks.
By
drawing this parallel, the essayist aims to highlight the contrast between the
intuitive, emotional, and imaginative nature of poets and the more rational and
analytical tendencies often associated with male-dominated fields. This
distinction underscores the author's argument that intuitive thinking, akin to
women's presumed attributes, is essential for poetic creativity and that both
poetry and feminine intuition share a similar affinity for embracing the
nuances of human experience.
In
a broader sense, this parallel also serves to challenge the traditional
hierarchies that have placed rationality above intuition and men above women.
By identifying poets with women and attributing value to their intuitive
approach, the essayist subtly critiques the dominant rationalistic paradigm
while elevating the importance of intuition in both creative and intellectual
endeavors.
8. According to the author, what does an average rational man
think of the women?
According
to the author, an average rational man tends to dismiss the intuitive thinking
associated with women as irrational or less significant. The essayist suggests
that rational individuals often undervalue the intuitive insights that women
possess, possibly due to a bias favoring logical and analytical thought
processes.
The
essayist implies that this dismissal of intuitive thinking is a consequence of
a patriarchal society that has historically favored rationality over emotion
and intuition, deeming the latter as inferior or unreliable. The author's
argument is rooted in the broader context of the essay, which contrasts the
qualities of reason and intuition. While reason is praised for its ability to
create systems of cause and effect, intuition is celebrated as the wellspring
of creative thinking and emotional depth.
By
portraying intuition as a trait commonly associated with women, the author
indirectly critiques the tendency of rational thinkers to disregard the value
of intuitive insights, further emphasizing the essay's exploration of the
tension between reason and intuition in various aspects of life.
9. Do you think there was paradigm shift in the development of
education in fourth century Europe? Explain.
Yes,
there was a significant paradigm shift in the development of education in
fourth-century Europe. The shift can be attributed to the growing influence of
Christianity and its impact on the educational system. In the fourth century,
Christianity had gained prominence and was eventually recognized as the
official religion of the Roman Empire. This change in religious landscape
brought about a transformation in the way education was perceived and
delivered.
The
shift in fourth-century European education was influenced by Christianity, replacing
classical subjects with theology and religious studies. The Church established
monastic schools, emphasizing faith over secular knowledge. This transition
changed education's purpose from creating well-rounded citizens to nurturing
individuals for Church contributions, marking the start of the medieval
education system.
The
fourth century witnessed a paradigm shift in European education as Christianity
gained prominence, leading to a transition from the classical education model
to one that was centered around religious teachings and theology. This shift
not only altered the subjects taught but also changed the overall purpose and
structure of education in Europe during that time.
10. How did Christianity fortify itself?
Christianity
fortified itself through various means during its early years. One crucial
aspect was the establishment of a strong religious and doctrinal foundation.
The Church leaders worked to define core beliefs, dogmas, and creeds, creating
a unified framework for Christian faith. This not only provided a cohesive
theological structure but also facilitated the identification and rejection of
heretical ideas.
The
Church's organized hierarchy, consisting of bishops, priests, and deacons,
facilitated the uniform spread of beliefs. Political alliances provided
protection from persecution and supported the faith's expansion. Monastic
schools and education bolstered the Church's authority and knowledge
preservation, contributing to its influence and intellectual dominance.
Overall,
Christianity fortified itself through theological clarity, organized
governance, political alliances, and educational initiatives, all of which
contributed to its survival, growth, and establishment as a major religious and
cultural force.
11. What were the consequences of the fall of Roma Empire?
The
fall of the Roman Empire had profound and far-reaching consequences across
various domains. Politically, the collapse led to the fragmentation of Western
Europe into numerous smaller kingdoms and territories, marking the end of
centralized imperial governance. Economically, trade networks disintegrated,
cities declined, and economic stability deteriorated as the empire's vast
infrastructure crumbled. Socially, the loss of Roman institutions led to a
decline in urban life, with the rise of feudalism and a shift towards agrarian
economies.
Culturally,
the fall of Rome marked a transition from classical antiquity to the early
Middle Ages, with a decline in literature, arts, and scientific advancements.
Religious dynamics changed, as Christianity, once persecuted, became the
official religion under Constantine, influencing the shaping of medieval
Europe's spiritual and social landscape.
The
fall of the Western Roman Empire also paved the way for migrations, invasions,
and the rise of new powers, such as the Germanic tribes and the Byzantine Empire,
shaping the geopolitical map of Europe for centuries to come.
12. How did church lose its grip after Reformation?
The
Church's grip began to weaken after the Reformation, a 16th-century religious
movement challenging Roman Catholic doctrines and practices. The rise of
Protestantism led to the fragmentation of Christianity, with various reformers
advocating for individual interpretation of scriptures and rejection of papal
authority. This decentralization undermined the Church's unified control over
religious thought.
The
printing press played a crucial role in disseminating reformist ideas, allowing
pamphlets and Bibles to be widely distributed in local languages, enabling
broader access to religious knowledge and fostering critical thinking.
Political factors also played a role, as monarchs and rulers sought to gain
power by aligning with or breaking from the Church's influence, often using
religious differences as a means of political control.
Furthermore,
the Enlightenment era introduced secular and scientific ideas that challenged
traditional religious narratives, eroding the Church's dominance over
intellectual discourse. The Church's suppression of scientific advancements,
exemplified by the Galileo incident, led to growing skepticism of its
authority. These factors collectively contributed to the gradual loss of the
Church's once-unquestionable influence, paving the way for the rise of
secularism and the separation of church and state in many societies.
13. What does the writer think of modern civilization?
The
writer's perspective on modern civilization is mixed. While acknowledging the
benefits of technological progress and advancements, the writer also highlights
significant concerns about the direction in which modern civilization is
moving. The text emphasizes the dominance of reason, rationality, and
mechanistic philosophy in shaping modern societies. This domination of
abstract, impersonal reasoning over intuitive, humane thinking is portrayed as
detrimental to the well-being of individuals and society.
The
essayist critiques the excessive rationalization of various aspects of life,
from education to art, politics, and even entertainment. The author suggests
that the emphasis on rationality has led to the suppression of personal
freedom, creative expression, and individuality. This, in turn, has resulted in
societal maladjustment, emotional immaturity, and a lack of genuine human
connection. The text implies that modern civilization's preoccupation with
reason and material progress has come at the cost of intangible aspects of
life, such as imagination, intuition, and spiritual depth.
Overall,
the writer's view of modern civilization is characterized by a deep concern for
the erosion of values that foster a holistic and humane existence. While
recognizing the achievements of technology and knowledge, the author raises a
cautionary flag against the excessive dominance of rationality, urging a
reevaluation of the balance between reason and intuition to ensure a more
meaningful and fulfilling human experience.
14. What does the essayist feel about urban and rustic way of
life?
The
essayist's perspective on urban and rustic ways of life is nuanced. The text
portrays urban living as a product of artifice, where individuals are distanced
from their natural appetites and compelled to conform to a rationalized,
mass-demand society. While the advantages of urbanization are acknowledged,
such as economic benefits and the support of vast populations, the essayist
highlights the downsides of this lifestyle. Urban living is criticized for its
emphasis on conformity, mechanization, and the suppression of intuitive
thought.
On
the other hand, the text does not idealize rustic life as inherently happier.
The essayist suggests that rural inhabitants may not necessarily be happier
than urban dwellers, but rural life represents a different set of challenges
and benefits. The essayist contrasts the two ways of life by discussing the
impact of urbanization on small towns, the industrialization of agricultural
areas, and the resulting conflicts between the two. While urban life may offer
economic advantages, the essayist implies that it can be at the expense of
humane, creative thought that depends on intuition and a more natural way of
living.
The
essayist's perspective on urban and rustic ways of life is critical of the
excessive rationalization and conformity of urban living. While acknowledging
the economic benefits of urbanization, the essayist highlights the toll it
takes on intuitive thinking and genuine human experiences. Rustic life is not
presented as an ideal alternative but rather as a different context with its
own challenges and opportunities for a more balanced and humane existence.
15. How does the essayist define poetry?
The
essayist defines poetry as more than just a collection of poems; it's a unique
attitude towards life. Poetry encompasses a distinct way of approaching the
world and engaging with it. It is described as a practical, humorous, and
reasonable way of being oneself. Unlike the conventional notion of poems as
mere artistic compositions, the essayist emphasizes that poetry involves a
particular mindset that goes beyond conforming to societal norms.
This
definition suggests that poetry is not confined to the realm of artistic
expression but extends to how one navigates life, relationships, and
experiences. It is associated with resisting conformity, embracing
authenticity, and valuing qualities that go beyond rationality. By presenting
poetry as an attitude, the essayist emphasizes its relevance in shaping an
individual's perspective on the world and their interactions with it.
This
definition underscores the essayist's view that poetry is more than a literary
form; it's a way of living that resists mechanized, inhumane rationality and
safeguards the essence of human experience.
C. Long Questions
1. The essay is Robert Grave's reaction against Western
worldview. Explain.
The
essay by Robert Graves presents a strong reaction against the Western
worldview, challenging its emphasis on reason, rationality, and mechanized
thinking. Graves critiques the prevailing notion of valuing reason above all
else and advocates for a more intuitive and poetic approach to life.
In
the essay, Graves expresses his reliance on intuition for writing poetry and
managing life. He opposes the cult of intuition, which seeks to replace reason
entirely, asserting that reason and intuition should complement each other.
This rejection of an extreme focus on reason reflects Graves' dissatisfaction
with the dominant Western worldview that often dismisses or undermines the
significance of intuition and emotional insight.
Graves
further emphasizes the importance of intuition by highlighting the limitations
of reason. While reason can isolate hard facts and create logical systems, it
fails to capture the essence of original art, humor, and religious feeling.
This argument challenges the Western worldview's elevation of reason as the
ultimate tool for understanding and interpreting the world.
The
author's contrast between reason and intuition aligns with his broader critique
of the Western worldview's mechanistic and abstract tendencies. He points out
that reason has become a master, denying the significance of poetry and reducing
human experiences to cold abstractions. Graves contends that this shift has led
to societal maladjustment and a lack of emotional maturity, contrasting with
the innate value of intuitive and poetic thinking.
Moreover,
the essayist opposes the Western worldview's influence on education,
urbanization, and even the Church's control. He criticizes the mechanization of
education, the suppression of personal liberty, and the dominance of reason in
religious and social spheres. By advocating for intuition, creativity, and
poetic sensibilities, Graves presents a counter-narrative against the Western
worldview's pervasive influence.
At
the end, Robert Graves' essay is a strong reaction against the Western
worldview's overemphasis on reason, rationality, and mechanization. He
advocates for a more balanced approach that values intuition, creativity, and
poetic thinking. Graves challenges the dominant narrative by highlighting the
limitations of reason, critiquing its impact on education and society, and ultimately
promoting a more humane and emotionally authentic way of engaging with the
world.
2. The author talks about commodification of art, literature,
sports, etc. Is it good or bad
for the society? Give your reasons.
The
commodification of art, literature, sports, and other cultural domains has both
positive and negative impacts on society, resulting from the complex interplay
between commercialization and artistic expression.
On
the positive side, commodification can lead to increased accessibility and
exposure. When art, literature, and sports become commodities, they often
receive financial support and exposure that might not have been possible
otherwise. This can lead to greater reach and engagement with wider audiences,
potentially fostering appreciation and participation. For instance,
commercializing sports can provide resources for infrastructure, training, and
development of athletes, promoting healthy competition and talent growth.
Moreover,
commodification can create economic opportunities. Artists, writers, athletes,
and other creatives can earn a livelihood from their work, contributing to the
economy and supporting their own artistic pursuits. This economic incentive can
encourage innovation and drive the production of high-quality content or
performances.
However,
the negative consequences of commodification are significant. It often leads to
the prioritization of profit over artistic integrity and originality. When art
and literature become commodities, there's a risk of diluting their
authenticity to cater to popular demand. This can result in a homogenized
cultural landscape that lacks diversity and depth.
Additionally,
commodification can lead to the exploitation of creators. The pressure to
produce commercially successful content might lead to burnout, compromising the
mental and emotional well-being of artists and athletes. Furthermore, the focus
on profitability might exclude marginalized voices and underrepresented
communities whose work doesn't align with mainstream trends.
Commodification
also threatens the intrinsic value of art and culture. When these domains are
driven solely by profit, their transformative power and ability to challenge
societal norms and conventions can be diminished. The commercialization of art
and literature, for example, can prioritize entertainment value over
thought-provoking narratives that challenge the status quo.
The
commodification of art, literature, sports, and cultural domains has both
positive and negative implications for society. While it can increase
accessibility and economic opportunities, it also poses risks to artistic
authenticity, diversity, and intrinsic value. Balancing commercial interests
with the preservation of artistic integrity is crucial to ensure that
commodification does not erode the transformative potential of these creative
expressions.
3. How, according to the essayist, are reason, intuition and
instinct different from each other?
In
the essay, the author distinguishes between reason, intuition, and instinct,
highlighting their unique characteristics and roles in human thought and
behavior.
Reason
is depicted as a cognitive faculty that involves logical and systematic
thinking. It is the capacity to analyze, deduce, and form conclusions based on
evidence, data, and established principles. The author recognizes the value of
reason in various contexts, such as isolating facts from hearsay and
constructing cause-effect relationships. However, the essayist also
acknowledges the limitations of reason, particularly in the realms of original
art, humor, and religious experience. Reason is seen as a tool for practical
problem-solving but is contrasted with intuitive thinking, which is described as
operating beyond the confines of habitual actions.
Intuition
is presented as a form of insight that transcends habitual behavior and
rational deduction. It is described as a trance-like state of the mind engaged
with problems that lack clear rational solutions. The author asserts that
intuition does not concern itself with routine tasks but rather delves into
complex matters that require a leap across gaps of knowledge. Intuition is
associated with creative genius and is characterized as drawing upon a deep
reservoir of diverse experiences stored in the subconscious. The essayist
emphasizes that intuition is distinct from instinct and reason, operating in a
unique realm of thought and problem-solving.
Instinct,
on the other hand, is compared to intuition but is positioned as a more
immediate and habitual response to stimuli. Instinct is described as the
impulse that prompts actions without the need for conscious reasoning. The
author offers examples of instinctual reactions, such as retreating from a wriggling
creature or dipping a burned finger in cold water. Instinct is portrayed as a
natural faculty shared by both sexes and contrasts with the higher-order
cognitive processes of reason and intuition.
The
essayist differentiates reason, intuition, and instinct based on their
cognitive processes and functions. Reason is characterized by logical thinking
and systematic analysis, intuition involves insight beyond habitual actions,
and instinct refers to immediate and automatic responses. Each of these faculties
plays a distinct role in human thought and behavior, and the essayist
highlights their individual strengths and limitations in various contexts.
4. What are the author's views on Christianity?
The
essay provides a nuanced perspective on Christianity, examining its historical
impact and complex relationship with reason, intuition, and societal values.
While the author doesn't overtly express personal beliefs, certain themes and
critiques can be inferred.
The
author acknowledges Christianity's influence on the development of education
and society. The rise of Christianity led to a shift in educational focus, with
the Church playing a central role in shaping curricula and establishing
schools. The Church's emphasis on religious studies and theology transformed
the purpose of education from producing well-rounded citizens to nurturing
individuals for religious service. This shift is presented as a significant
departure from the classical model of education.
However,
the author also raises concerns about the Church's influence on rationalization
and dogma. The Church's increasing control over education and the dissemination
of knowledge led to a suppression of individual thought and creativity. The
author critiques the Church's role in stifling intuitive thinking and promoting
dogmatic adherence to religious doctrine. This tension between reason and
intuition is illustrated by the persecution of Galileo for endorsing
heliocentrism, highlighting the conflict between scientific inquiry and
religious orthodoxy.
Additionally,
the essay hints at the loss of individual freedoms and liberties due to the
Church's dominance. The author notes that the Church's hierarchy and
connections with political authorities helped solidify its authority and
protect its faith from persecution. However, this consolidation of power also
contributed to the suppression of personal liberty and the imposition of
religious norms. The emphasis on rationalization within the Church is portrayed
as limiting the diversity of thought and stifling intuitive perspectives.
The
author's views on Christianity in the essay are complex. While recognizing its
historical impact and role in education, the author also raises concerns about
the Church's influence on reason, intuition, and individual freedoms. The essay
seems to question the balance between religious orthodoxy and intellectual
freedom, suggesting that the dominance of one may come at the expense of the
other.
5. How does the author criticize the misuse of abstract reason
in the history of the western world?
The
author's criticism of the misuse of abstract reason in the history of the
Western world is central to the essay's narrative. Throughout the text, the
author highlights how the emphasis on abstract reason has led to negative
consequences in various aspects of society.
Firstly,
the author criticizes how abstract reason has been prioritized over intuition
and human experience. The Western tradition's shift towards abstract reasoning,
particularly in fields like philosophy and metaphysics, is portrayed as
problematic. This shift detached humans from their natural inclinations and
myths, replacing them with cold abstractions that alienated people from their
personal experiences and emotions. This, the author suggests, ultimately led to
a decline in societal values and a detachment from the spiritual and intuitive
aspects of life.
The
author also critiques the impact of abstract reason on education. While
praising the practical application of reason in establishing orderly systems,
the author points out that reason has limitations, particularly in nurturing
creativity, humor, and religious sentiment. The rationalization of education
and the emergence of Church-controlled institutions further narrowed the scope
of learning, suppressing individual thought and imaginative freedom. The author
criticizes this trend for reducing the potential for a well-rounded education
that balances reason with intuition.
Furthermore,
the author presents historical examples of the misuse of reason, particularly
in religious conflicts. The condemnation of Galileo for promoting heliocentrism
is cited as an instance where abstract reason was used to suppress scientific
inquiry that challenged religious dogma. This highlights how rigid adherence to
reason without considering empirical evidence or intuitive insights can lead to
intellectual repression.
The
author's critique extends to the socio-political realm, where abstract reason
has been employed to justify violence and domination. The essay mentions the
Crusaders' interactions with the Orient, which led to new knowledge but also
imperialistic aggression. The author implies that the misuse of reason in the
pursuit of dominance and control has contributed to societal upheavals and
conflicts.
The
author's critique of the misuse of abstract reason in the history of the
Western world underscores its negative impact on various aspects of society.
From education to religion to politics, the emphasis on reason without a
balanced consideration of intuition and human experience is portrayed as
leading to the degradation of values, suppression of creativity, and even
violence. This critique serves as a call for a more holistic and nuanced
approach to reasoning that appreciates the intuitive and emotional dimensions
of human existence.
6. Does the author really sympathize with women? Give reasons.
The
author's sympathies towards women are evident throughout the essay, and various
instances illustrate their empathy towards the challenges and perspectives
faced by women in a society dominated by abstract reason and male-centric
ideologies.
Firstly,
the author draws a parallel between poets and women, portraying them as allies
against the dominance of abstract reasoning. The author describes how both
poets and women rely on intuition, emotion, and personal rhythm,
characteristics that are often dismissed or suppressed in a world where
abstract reason holds sway. This association highlights the author's
recognition of women's affinity towards intuition and emotional understanding,
which they share with poets.
The
author also critiques the dismissive attitude of male intellectuals towards
women's intuition. By suggesting that male intellectuals tend to disregard
intuition as irrational and feminine, the author indirectly conveys the unfair
treatment of women's unique perspectives. This critique implies that the
male-dominated society's rejection of intuition has disadvantaged women, as it
has undermined their contribution to knowledge and understanding.
Additionally,
the author sympathizes with women through the portrayal of Xanthippe, Socrates'
wife. Xanthippe's intuitive apprehension of the negative consequences of
Socrates' metaphysical theories is portrayed as valid and insightful. Her
concerns about the impact of these theories on the family and society are depicted
as reasonable and grounded, compared to Socrates' abstract reasoning. This
portrayal lends credence to women's intuitive insights and positions them as
sensible and practical.
Moreover,
the author's criticism of the Church's hierarchy and rationalization implies
that women's perspectives and experiences were often marginalized within
religious institutions. The author's acknowledgment of the Church's disregard
for practical and humane issues suggests an insensitivity towards women's
concerns and intuitive understanding of human relationships and values.
The
author's sympathies towards women are evident through the parallel drawn
between poets and women, the critique of male intellectuals' attitude towards
intuition, the portrayal of Xanthippe's concerns, and the critique of the
Church's hierarchy. These elements collectively indicate that the author
recognizes and values women's intuitive insights and emotional understanding,
particularly in a society dominated by abstract reason and male-centric
ideologies.
Best of Luck
.jpg)
