ESSAY
2. An Eastern Journey
by Somerset Maugham
SUMMARY
"An
Eastern Journey" details the author's daunting excursion to Cambodia's
Angkor, a revered archaeological site. The journey to Angkor involves multiple
stages, from reaching Phnom Penh and taking steamers along rivers and lakes to
traversing channels in a small boat, all of which contributes to the site's
mystique. The moonlit landscape adds an ethereal quality as the author
progresses through winding waterways. Upon nearing Angkor, the iconic towers of
Angkor Wat come into view, evoking awe and anticipation.
The
author grapples with conveying the magnificence of Angkor's temples, struggling
to encapsulate their grandeur. He acknowledges his lack of ability to translate
the visual and emotional impact into words, expressing dismay at the task. The
author reflects on his own limitations, admitting that despite his efforts to
develop a stylish prose, he has embraced simplicity and clarity in his writing.
He contrasts his style with that of authors who luxuriate in elaborate
descriptions, preferring his own approach of conveying emotion rather than
intricate details.
The
author references Henri Mouhot's "Travels in Indo-China," the first
European account of Angkor's ruins. Mouhot's straightforward narrative,
reflecting the attitudes of his era, contrasts with the complexities of modern
travel. The author examines Mouhot's notes, pondering annotations that correct
errors and inconsistencies. Despite the scrutiny, the author respects Mouhot's
endeavor and the authenticity of his observations.
The
author's encounter with Angkor Wat's awe-inspiring ruins, focusing on its
transformation and the emotions it evokes. Descriptions of Angkor Wat's
grandeur emerge through its architecture, as it presents a fascinating contrast
between the respectability of the author's frock-coated appearance and the
dashing, ferocious demeanor he projects while wearing a beret. The author
ponders the initial grandeur of Angkor Wat, contrasting it with the ruins now
visited by tourists. The jungle-clad ruins evoke a sense of nature's dominance
over human creation, with vegetation overtaking the once-magnificent
structures. The author vividly recounts a storm during his temple visit, where
nature's power asserts itself, emphasizing its overwhelming strength.
The
author delves into Angkor's history as a thriving city, discussing its sudden
abandonment and potential causes, including a slave uprising. Angkor Wat's
unique positioning allows it to capture the sunrise and sunset, transforming it
into an ethereal sight. The temple's design reflects deliberate formality and
reverence, emphasized by the steep steps leading to different stories and
sunken basins for purification. The narrative also illustrates the temple's
present-day occupancy by bats, portraying it as a site of emptiness yet evoking
a sense of silent reverence.
The
architectural and artistic features of the Angkor temples, focusing on the
evolution of their decoration and the emotions they evoke. The temples' plain construction
provided sculptors with ample room for decoration. Capitals, pilasters,
pediments, doorways, and windows are intricately carved with diverse patterns.
Over the centuries, craftsmen progressed from crude strength to consummate
grace in their ornamentation. Bas-reliefs adorn the galleries, depicting
princes on elephants, soldiers in battle, and chieftains on chariots.
The
reliefs display a transition from unbridled action to harmonious design. The
sculptures encompass themes of action and turmoil rather than elegance. Despite
variations, the sculptors' work mostly adheres to similar patterns. The author
ponders why humans often accept mediocrity after experiencing excellence and
whether man is inherently inclined to revert to a lower state of civilization.
The narrative concludes with the author's poignant departure from Angkor,
experiencing renewed beauty in familiar sights and perceiving a profound
silence enveloping the once-thriving city, now surrounded by vibrant jungle.
The
author recounts a night at the Angkor temple where Cambodian dancers performed
amidst torchlight. The dancers wore vibrant dresses and elaborate crowns,
executing formal and hieratic movements reminiscent of ancient sculptures found
on temple walls. The spectacle evoked a sense of timelessness and ancestry. The
author reflects on the Bayon temple, a multi-towered structure adorned with
colossal faces of Siva. This unique temple is covered in overgrown vegetation,
and the faces create an eerie, watchful atmosphere.
The
temple's bas-reliefs depict scenes from daily life in ancient times,
emphasizing the unchanging nature of local traditions and activities. The
author concludes that in Eastern countries, the most impressive testament to
antiquity is not grand architecture but the perpetuation of age-old customs
among the peasants, linking them to a past older than monumental landmarks like
Angkor Wat or the Great Wall.
A. Multiple Choice Questions
1.
The Angkor site once was................
a) Buddhist shrine
b) Hindu shrine
c) both Hindu and
Buddhis shrine
d) Muslim shrine
2.
Angkor Wat is now one of the UNESCO enlisted.........heritages.
a) cultural
b) natural
c) social
d) military
3.
Henry Mouhot was.......................
a) an English
explorer
b) a French naturalist
c) a Religious
guru
d) an Indian
priest
4.
In Hinduism, Shiva is the symbol of................
a) creator
b) conserver
c) destroyer
d) none of above
5.
According to the author, the most awe inspiring monument of the antiquity
is.....
a) Angkor Wat
b) Pyramid of
Egypt
c) man
d) the Great Wall
of China
Extra MCQs
1. What is the main focus of the text "An Eastern
Journey"?
a) Ancient civilizations
b) Modern travel experiences
c) Cambodian cuisine
d) European history
2. How does the author describe the journey to Angkor?
a) Easy and comfortable
b) Challenging and mystical
c) Quick and efficient
d) Mundane and uneventful
3. What contributes to the mystique of Angkor?
a) Elaborate descriptions
b) Moonlit landscapes
c) Modern travel complexities
d) Simplistic architecture
4. How does the author feel about conveying the magnificence of
Angkor's temples?
a) Confident and eager
b) Successful and accomplished
c) Excited and adventurous
d) Struggling and dismayed
5. The author contrasts his writing style with that of other
authors who:
a) Convey emotion
b) Use elaborate descriptions
c) Write in a straightforward manner
d) Prefer modern travel experiences
6. Henri Mouhot's "Travels in Indo-China" is described
as:
a) A modern travel guide
b) A fictional novel
c) The first European account of Angkor's
ruins
d) A cookbook about Cambodian cuisine
7. How does the author view Mouhot's observations and notes
about Angkor?
a) Critical and dismissive
b) Sceptical and doubtful
c) Respectful and authentic
d) Negative and biased
8. What does the author compare his appearance in a frock coat
to?
a) A fashionable trendsetter
b) A daring explorer
c) A romantic figure
d) A respectable figure
9. What does the author experience during a storm at the temple?
a) Calm and serenity
b) A sense of insignificance
c) Joy and excitement
d) Discomfort and disappointment
10. What does the author feel about the grandeur of Angkor's
ruins?
a) He is indifferent
b) He is disappointed
c) He is awed
d) He is critical
11. What contrast does the author make in describing Angkor Wat?
a) The grandeur of the architecture and the
beauty of the surroundings
b) The power of nature and the fragility of
human creation
c) The serenity of the temples and the
chaos of the jungle
d) The history of the site and the
mysteries it holds
12. What is the significance of the bayaderes' gestures and
attitudes?
a) They showcase elegance and refinement.
b) They express harmony and beauty.
c) They reflect unbridled action and
turmoil.
d) They convey simplicity and clarity.
13. What is the main focus of the bas-reliefs in the Angkor
temples?
a) Scenes from modern life
b) Intricate patterns and designs
c) Daily activities of ancient times
d) Abstract forms and shapes
14. What does the author ponder about humans' acceptance of
mediocrity?
a) Why excellence is always achievable
b) Why humans prefer complexity over
simplicity
c) Why individuals settle for less after
experiencing greatness
d) Why people choose to remain in their
comfort zones
15. According to the author, what is the most impressive
testament to antiquity in Eastern countries?
a) Grand architecture
b) Elaborate artwork
c) Ancient temples
d) Perpetuated customs among peasants
16. What emotions do the Cambodian dancers' performances evoke
in the author?
a) Confusion and uncertainty
b) Awe and anticipation
c) Boredom and indifference
d) Fear and unease
17. What distinguishes the Bayon temple from other temples?
a) Its simple design
b) Its lack of decoration
c) Its multi-towered structure
d) Its small size
18. What emotion do the colossal faces of Siva evoke in the
Bayon temple?
a) Comfort and warmth
b) Eerie and watchfulness
c) Excitement and joy
d) Awe and inspiration
19. What is the main theme of the bas-reliefs in the Bayon
temple?
a) Mythical creatures and gods
b) Scenes of daily life
c) Abstract patterns
d) Battles and wars
20. What does the author conclude about the peasants in Eastern
countries?
a) They prefer modern architecture over
traditional customs.
b) They are indifferent to their cultural
heritage.
c) They maintain age-old customs despite
changing times.
d) They prioritize grand landmarks like the
Great Wall.
B. Short Questions
1. According to the author, why was it difficult to get to
Angkor?
According
to the author, the journey to Angkor was a multi-stage endeavor characterized
by its complexity and mystique. To reach the revered archaeological site, one
needed to navigate a series of challenging steps that contributed to the
daunting nature of the excursion. Beginning with the arrival in Phnom Penh, the
journey involved embarking on steamers that traversed rivers and lakes,
creating an air of intrigue.
The
progression continued through channels on a small boat, adding to the sense of mystique
that surrounded Angkor. The moonlit landscape heightened the ethereal quality
of the journey as the author moved through winding waterways. The anticipation
built as the iconic towers of Angkor Wat came into view, evoking a sense of
awe. Thus, the multifaceted nature of the journey, from the initial arrival to
the final approach, contributed to the challenging and captivating experience
of reaching Angkor.
The
journey to Angkor was intricate and captivating, involving stages like arriving
in Phnom Penh and embarking on steamers across rivers and lakes. Progressing
through water channels on a small boat added mystique. Moonlit landscapes
heightened the ethereal journey, leading to awe-inspiring views of Angkor Wat's
iconic towers.
2. How does the author describe the wonder of Angkor?
The
author grapples with conveying the sheer wonder of Angkor's temples, struggling
to encapsulate their grandeur within words. He admits his inability to
translate their visual and emotional impact effectively, expressing dismay at
the daunting task. The author reflects on his limitations, acknowledging his
preference for simplicity and clarity over elaborate descriptions. He contrasts
his style with authors who indulge in intricate details, stating his focus on
evoking emotion.
The
author references Henri Mouhot's early European account of Angkor's ruins,
noting the contrast between his straightforward narrative and the complexities
of modern travel. Mouhot's observations from a different era reveal the
authenticity of the site. The author emphasizes the impact of Angkor Wat's
transformation, describing the contrast between his respectable appearance in a
frock coat and the fierce demeanor projected while wearing a beret.
The
site's present state, surrounded by jungle-clad ruins, signifies nature's
dominance over human creation. The author also recounts a storm during his
visit, underscoring nature's overwhelming power in the temple's presence.
3. Why does the author bring reference of Ruskin (19th
century English art critic), Walter Peter and Sir Thomas Brown?
The
author references Ruskin, Walter Pater, and Sir Thomas Browne to illustrate the
challenges of describing the wonder of Angkor's temples. By invoking these
figures, known for their eloquent and elaborate prose, the author contrasts
their approach with his own. Ruskin, a 19th-century English art critic, and
Pater, a writer known for his aestheticism, were masters of detailed
descriptions. The author contrasts their style with his own preference for
conveying emotions over intricate details.
Additionally,
the reference to Sir Thomas Browne, a 17th-century writer, highlights the
enduring struggle of capturing profound experiences in words. These references
emphasize the author's humility in acknowledging his limitations in describing
Angkor's magnificence, leading him to embrace simplicity and clarity in his
writing style to evoke the essence of the site rather than dwelling on ornate
descriptions.
The
author cites Ruskin, Pater, and Browne to show the challenge of describing
Angkor. These writers' intricate prose is compared to the author's preference
for emotive over detailed descriptions. This highlights his humility in
recognizing his inability to capture Angkor's grandeur. The references
emphasize his shift to a simpler, clearer style to convey the site's essence.
4. How does the author defend his writing style?
The
author defends his writing style by acknowledging the limitations of language
in capturing the magnificence of Angkor's temples. He contrasts his approach
with that of writers like Ruskin, Pater, and Browne, who indulge in elaborate
descriptions. The author contends that while their prose might be a feast for
the senses, it often obscures the emotional essence of the experience. He cites
their tendency to describe the surface beauty while missing the deeper
resonance that the temples evoke.
The
author explains that his preference for simplicity and clarity allows him to
delve into the emotions the site stirs within him. He argues that by avoiding
ornate descriptions, he can better convey the awe, reverence, and wonder that
Angkor's grandeur evokes. His intention is not to merely paint a picturesque
scene but to bridge the gap between the visual and emotional impact, enabling
readers to feel the significance of Angkor on a profound level.
He
believes that his style ensures a more authentic portrayal of his emotions and
experiences, thus defending his approach as more genuine and relatable.
5. Why does the author think the description made by French
naturalist did not do Justice to Angkor's grandeur?
The
author believes that the description of Angkor's grandeur provided by French
naturalist Henri Mouhot fell short of capturing its true essence due to the
limitations of language and perspective. He acknowledges Mouhot's pioneering
efforts in bringing Angkor to the attention of the Western world but points out
that his narrative reflected the attitudes and literary conventions of his era,
which focused on objective observations rather than delving into the emotional
impact of the experience.
The
author contends that Mouhot's straightforward and factual approach, though
commendable, lacked the depth required to convey the profound emotions evoked
by Angkor's temples. He argues that the splendor of Angkor goes beyond its
physical attributes; it encompasses a spiritual and emotional resonance that
cannot be fully conveyed through objective description alone. The author
suggests that Mouhot's focus on architectural details and historical facts
fails to capture the awe, reverence, and sense of timelessness that the temples
inspire.
Furthermore,
the author implies that the complexity and intricate beauty of Angkor's
architecture present a challenge for any writer to convey adequately. He
empathizes with Mouhot's struggle to describe the temples' grandeur, as the
sheer magnitude of their intricacies and the emotional impact they evoke
transcend the confines of language. In essence, the author believes that
Angkor's magnificence exceeds the descriptive capabilities of any written
account, and that it can only truly be understood through a personal encounter
with its awe-inspiring presence.
6. How does the author describe the beauty of Angkor ruins in
the rising sun and setting sun?
The
author vividly describes the beauty of Angkor's ruins under the rising and
setting sun, capturing the ethereal transformation that occurs during these
moments. As the sun ascends in the sky, casting its warm rays upon the ancient
structures, the author conveys a sense of enchantment and wonder. He notes that
the sun's glow brings out the intricate details of the architecture,
illuminating the stone carvings and sculptures that adorn the temples. This
magical interplay of light and shadow creates a captivating spectacle, where
the once-mundane structures are imbued with a newfound radiance.
During
the setting sun, the author's prose takes on a poetic tone as he reflects on
the profound beauty that envelops Angkor's ruins. He likens the experience to
witnessing a miracle, as the temples' grandeur is heightened by the soft, golden
light of dusk. The author's description highlights the delicate balance between
the fading daylight and the emerging darkness, which imparts a sense of
melancholic elegance to the scene. The setting sun casts a warm, enchanting
glow that imbues the ruins with a transient, otherworldly quality, emphasizing
their timeless nature.
Throughout
his portrayal, the author's words convey not just the visual spectacle, but
also the emotional resonance of witnessing Angkor's beauty during these moments
of transition. His choice of language and imagery invites readers to share in
his awe and reverence, as he portrays the rising and setting sun as a divine
source of illumination that breathes life into the ancient stones, invoking a
sense of timelessness and spiritual significance.
7. According to the author, how did the artists render action in
art of Angkor?
According
to the author, the artists of Angkor masterfully captured the essence of action
within their artistic depictions. He suggests that while the Greeks sought
harmony and beauty in their art, the Cambodian sculptors prioritized the
portrayal of action and vigor. In their carvings and reliefs, the artists
conveyed a sense of dynamic movement and turmoil rather than focusing on
aesthetic elegance or serene gestures. This emphasis on action is evident in
the intricate detailing of scenes such as soldiers marching into battle,
chieftains brandishing swords and lances, and even the frenzied contortions of
the dying and the dead.
The
author's description implies that these artists embraced a style that
emphasized the energy and passion of the depicted actions. Instead of aiming
for perfect symmetry or graceful poses, they created images that conveyed the
raw intensity of battle and the tumultuous nature of life. This approach
allowed them to capture the essence of action in a way that resonated with the
viewers' emotions, evoking a visceral response to the scenes depicted.
Through
the author's observations, it becomes evident that the Cambodian artists had a
distinct approach to rendering action in their art, one that diverged from the
more harmonious and balanced style of the Greeks. Their preference for
capturing movement and intensity led to a unique visual language that conveyed
the fierce vitality of the depicted actions, effectively making the scenes come
alive for those who beheld their creations.
8. Why does the author compare man with water?
The
author compares man to water in order to explore the concept of human nature
and its inherent tendencies. By likening man to water, the author delves into
the idea of change and adaptability. Just as water can be forced to a higher
altitude but will naturally revert to its original level once external pressure
is removed, the author suggests that humans may experience periods of elevation
and excellence but tend to return to their familiar and less exceptional state
over time. This comparison allows the author to contemplate the cyclic nature
of human progress and regression.
Furthermore,
the comparison between man and water raises questions about the potential for
human perfection and improvement. The author's inquiry into whether man is
"perfectible" speaks to the desire for continuous advancement and
growth. By suggesting that man may revert to a more primitive state after
reaching heights of achievement, the author explores the tension between the
pursuit of progress and the pull of familiar patterns.
Overall,
the comparison of man to water serves as a thought-provoking analogy that
invites contemplation on the cyclical nature of human behavior, the pursuit of
excellence, and the inherent challenges of sustaining elevated states of
achievement. It allows the author to delve into the complexities of human
nature and the potential factors that shape our actions and choices over time.
9. What does the author speak of the central temple?
The
author vividly describes the central temple of Angkor, known as Angkor Wat, as
a remarkable architectural and spiritual marvel. The temple's significance lies
not only in its physical form but also in its alignment with cosmic patterns,
such as capturing both the sunrise and sunset. The author marvels at how this
strategic alignment transforms Angkor Wat into an ethereal sight, with the
changing sunlight imbuing the structure with a spiritual aura that transcends
the ages.
The
author delves into the intricate design of Angkor Wat, focusing on its
deliberate formality and symbolic features. The temple's steep steps leading to
various stories and sunken basins for purification are described as elements
that emphasize the temple's reverence and ceremonial significance. The author's
appreciation for these design choices highlights his recognition of the
temple's dual role as both a religious space and a testament to human
craftsmanship.
Furthermore,
the author addresses the present-day state of Angkor Wat. While bats have taken
occupancy within its confines, the temple remains a paradoxical site of
emptiness yet carries an aura of silent reverence. This duality between vacancy
and sacredness captures the profound impact of Angkor Wat, evoking a sense of
contemplation about the passage of time and the continuity of human experience
within its hallowed walls.
10. Why does the author think the dance a rare art?
The
author regards the Cambodian dance as a rare and captivating art form due to
its ability to transcend time and connect with ancient traditions. The
performance of the Cambodian dancers amidst the torchlight evokes a timeless
quality that harks back to the cultural heritage of the past. The dance's
distinctiveness lies in its ability to capture both the essence of the present
moment and the echoes of generations past, making it a bridge between eras.
The
author's description of the dancers' costumes, elaborate crowns, and hieratic
movements underscores the uniqueness of the Cambodian dance. The dancers'
attire and gestures reflect a blend of historical richness and artistic
refinement, creating an enigmatic and captivating visual experience. The
juxtaposition of these ancient-inspired elements with the dancers' impassive
expressions lends an otherworldly aura to the performance, further accentuating
its rarity.
The
author's reference to the Bayon temple and its stone carvings depicting similar
dance-like gestures further reinforces the dance's rarity. The fact that these
gestures have remained virtually unchanged for centuries, etched on temple
walls and embodied in the living dancers, underscores the enduring nature of
this art form. The dance's capacity to evoke a sense of timelessness and
connect with the cultural roots of the past solidifies its status as a rare and
cherished artistic expression.
11. The author makes monologue with a philosopher. What do you
think is the purpose of the monologue?
The
author's monologue with a philosopher serves the purpose of introspection and
contemplation, allowing the author to explore deeper questions about human
nature, progress, and the pursuit of excellence. Through this imagined
conversation, the author engages in a dialogue with himself to ponder the
complexities of human behavior, particularly the tendency to accept mediocrity
after experiencing greatness. The philosopher serves as a sounding board for
the author's inner thoughts, enabling him to delve into profound questions
without seeking definitive answers.
The
monologue provides a platform for the author to question the cyclical nature of
human progress and the potential limitations of human achievement. By asking
whether circumstances or individual genius elevate humanity temporarily to
higher levels of excellence before reverting to a more ordinary state, the
author contemplates the ebb and flow of human aspirations and the factors that
shape them. This philosophical exploration delves into the psychology of
contentment and the inherent struggles individuals face in maintaining
exceptional standards.
Ultimately,
the purpose of this monologue is to spark intellectual curiosity and encourage
readers to reflect on their own lives and societal patterns. It prompts
contemplation about the pursuit of greatness and the influences that guide
individuals in their journey towards improvement or, conversely, complacency.
By engaging in this introspective dialogue, the author encourages readers to
consider their own inclinations, motivations, and the interplay between
individual potential and external circumstances in shaping human endeavors.
12. Why does the author think Bayon temple a unique temple?
The
author considers the Bayon Temple a unique and remarkable structure due to its
distinctive architectural design and the intricate carvings that adorn it.
Unlike the uniformity observed in many other temples, the Bayon Temple stands
out with its multitude of towers, each featuring colossal faces of Siva, the
Destroyer. This architectural choice of adorning the temple with these
monumental faces gives the Bayon Temple a captivating and enigmatic character
that sets it apart from its counterparts.
The
author also highlights the temple's overgrown state, as it is covered with
vegetation, creating an eerie and otherworldly ambiance. The combination of the
towering faces and the encroaching jungle contributes to the temple's
uniqueness and the sense of mystery that surrounds it. The author's description
evokes a sense of being watched by these silent faces, creating an atmosphere
that is both haunting and intriguing.
Furthermore,
the author's personal experience and reflection on the Bayon Temple contribute
to its uniqueness. The temple's architecture and the emotive impact it has on
the author leave a lasting impression. The temple's character, its towering faces,
and its integration with the natural surroundings make it a singular and
captivating monument within the Angkor complex, leaving a deep sense of wonder
and curiosity in the author and the readers alike.
C. Long Questions
1. The author evokes to different sense images in the essay.
Read the essay again and find the
instances where the author has used the image of sight, sound, smell and
movement.
The
author skillfully engages various sensory images to vividly convey the essence
of the journey to Angkor and the experience of being there. Through the sense
of sight, the author paints a visual landscape that captures the reader's
imagination. The moonlit landscape, winding waterways, and the iconic towers of
Angkor Wat coming into view create a visual tapestry that immerses the reader
in the journey's mystique.
The
sense of sound is invoked when the author describes the music played by hidden
musicians during the Cambodian dancers' performance. The vague and rhythmical
music from pipes, drums, and gongs troubles the nerves, creating an auditory
experience that enhances the ambiance of the night. Additionally, the author
mentions the villagers breaking into loud song to ward off spirits when passing
the eerie Bayon temple, providing an auditory insight into local customs.
Smell
is evoked through the image of torches made from resin, emitting an acrid yet
pleasant perfume that charges the air. This sensory detail heightens the
atmosphere of the night's dance performance, immersing the reader in the scene.
The author also mentions the dampness of the jungle and the earthy scent that
often accompanies such environments, adding to the sensory depth of the
description.
Movement
is portrayed through the author's narration of the journey's stages. The
steamers progressing along rivers and lakes, the small boat navigating
channels, and the winding waterways all create a sense of movement that propels
the reader along the journey alongside the author. Moreover, the author
describes the formal and hieratic movements of the Cambodian dancers,
illustrating movement as an integral part of the performance.
The
sensory images incorporated throughout the essay not only enrich the reader's
understanding of the author's experiences but also serve to transport them into
the world of Angkor. By appealing to sight, sound, smell, and movement, the
author creates a multi-dimensional narrative that engages the senses and
immerses the reader in the sights, sounds, and emotions of the journey and the
place itself.
2. The author gives ample evidences that the Angkor lies in
tropical climate zone. Cite five such evidences from the essay.
The
author effectively portrays the tropical climate of Angkor through various
descriptive details and imagery. These evidences not only emphasize the lush,
humid environment but also contribute to the overall atmosphere of the essay.
The
author frequently mentions the presence of lush vegetation and jungle growth,
which are characteristic of tropical climates. He describes how the jungle has
overtaken the ruins, with trees, creepers, and parasitic shrubs growing all
around. This imagery conveys the abundant plant life that thrives in the
tropical environment.
The
author refers to the moonlit landscape as the backdrop for the journey to
Angkor. Moonlit nights are often associated with tropical climates, where clear
skies allow for ample moonlight to filter through. Additionally, the winding
waterways that the author navigates to reach Angkor contribute to the portrayal
of a tropical environment, as such water bodies are common in tropical regions.
The
author describes a storm during his visit to the temple, where nature's power
is emphasized through the rain and the storm's strength. Frequent rains and
storms are typical of tropical climates, with their heavy precipitation
contributing to the lush growth of vegetation.
The
author mentions the torches carried by boys during the dance performance, made
from resin that charges the air with an acrid yet pleasant perfume. This resin
is derived from trees that are often found in tropical regions. Additionally,
the author speaks of the dampness of the jungle and the earthy scent associated
with such environments, further highlighting the tropical setting.
The
author observes that the present-day occupants of the temple are bats. Bats are
commonly associated with tropical climates, as they thrive in warm and humid
conditions. The mention of bats adds to the imagery of the environment and
reinforces the notion of a tropical climate.
Collectively,
these evidences create a sensory-rich portrayal of the tropical climate in
which Angkor is situated. The author's use of descriptive details and imagery
effectively transports the reader to the lush, humid, and vibrant atmosphere
that characterizes tropical regions.
3. How does the author comment on the contestation between
nature and human culture?
Throughout
the essay, the author subtly explores the contestation between nature and human
culture, particularly in the context of the Angkor ruins. This theme emerges as
the author describes the relationship between the ancient structures and the
encroaching jungle, shedding light on the enduring struggle between human
creation and the forces of nature.
Firstly,
the author emphasizes the overwhelming power of nature's dominance over human
creations. The once-magnificent structures of Angkor have been overtaken by the
relentless growth of the jungle. The author describes how the jungle-clad ruins
evoke a sense of nature's conquest, with vegetation enveloping and swallowing
the architecture. This imagery reflects the idea that despite the grandeur of
human endeavors, nature ultimately reclaims its territory.
Secondly,
the author highlights the contrast between the past and the present in terms of
human intervention. While the temples were once the pinnacle of human
achievement, the passage of time has seen them fall into ruins. The author's
mention of tourists exploring the ruins underscores the contrast between the
ancient and modern, while the narrative suggests that human culture, even in
its most awe-inspiring form, is susceptible to the passage of time and the
encroachment of nature.
Additionally,
the author's vivid description of a storm during the temple visit reinforces
the theme of nature's power. The storm serves as a reminder that despite human
achievements, the elements remain uncontrollable and imposing. The power of the
storm is emblematic of nature's relentless force, which can easily overshadow
even the most remarkable human creations.
Furthermore,
the author's portrayal of the bas-reliefs that depict scenes of daily life in
ancient times also addresses the interplay between culture and nature. These
carvings depict the simple activities of the people of that era, and their
persistence throughout time speaks to the endurance of certain aspects of human
culture. However, the fact that these scenes are carved onto stone walls
highlights the transient nature of human existence, as the solid stone itself
is eroded by time and nature.
At
last, the author subtly comments on the contestation between nature and human
culture through the juxtaposition of the ancient ruins of Angkor and the
encroaching jungle. The essay conveys a sense of the ephemerality of human
creations in the face of nature's relentless growth and power. This theme
underscores the notion that while human culture can leave a lasting mark,
nature's forces are unyielding and ultimately reclaim their dominion.
4. The author comments on Angkor, "At the end of the
thirteenth century it was one of the great cities of the East; two hundred
years later it was the resort of wild beasts." Elucidate.
The
author's comment, "At the end of the thirteenth century it was one of the
great cities of the East; two hundred years later it was the resort of wild
beasts," encapsulates the dramatic rise and fall of Angkor, reflecting the
passage of time and the profound transformation the city underwent.
At
its zenith in the 13th century, Angkor was a thriving and grand metropolis,
serving as the epicenter of a powerful Khmer Empire. The city was characterized
by its majestic temples, sophisticated urban planning, and advanced
infrastructure. It stood as a testament to human achievement, with monumental
structures like Angkor Wat embodying the artistic and architectural prowess of
the era. This period marked Angkor as a symbol of human ingenuity and cultural
sophistication in the East.
However,
by the 15th century, Angkor's fortunes had drastically changed. A combination
of factors, including political turmoil, invasions, and environmental
challenges such as deforestation and changing river patterns, led to the city's
decline. The grandeur that had once defined Angkor gave way to a state of
abandonment and deterioration. As the city's population dwindled, nature began
to reclaim the territory, with the encroaching jungle taking over the
structures and spaces once bustling with human activity.
The
author's mention of Angkor becoming the "resort of wild beasts"
signifies the profound impact of nature's resurgence. With the decline of human
presence, the abandoned temples and structures of Angkor became a sanctuary for
wildlife. The once-imposing monuments stood in stark contrast to the untamed
jungle that gradually enveloped them, creating a surreal scene where the
remnants of human creation coexisted with the wild forces of nature.
This
transformation underscores the transitory nature of human achievements and the
inevitable cycle of rise and decline. The comment serves as a poignant reminder
that even the mightiest civilizations are subject to the passage of time and
the influence of various forces, including political, environmental, and
cultural changes. It also speaks to the resilience of nature, which reclaims
and redefines spaces that humans once occupied.
The
author's comment on Angkor's transformation from a great city to a wilderness
inhabited by wild beasts captures the rise and fall of a once-thriving
civilization. This narrative arc serves as a microcosm of the broader ebb and
flow of human history and nature's role in shaping and reshaping the world. It
stands as a testament to the impermanence of human achievements and the
enduring power of nature.
5. What impression of Angkor does the writer take in his mind?
Throughout
the essay, the writer's impression of Angkor evolves, encompassing a range of
emotions and perceptions that reflect the multifaceted nature of this ancient
archaeological site. From his initial approach to his departure, the writer's
impression deepens as he navigates its grandeur, history, and connection with
nature.
At
the outset, the writer's impression of Angkor is one of anticipation and awe.
The journey to reach the site involves a series of stages, each contributing to
its mystique. As the iconic towers of Angkor Wat come into view, the writer
experiences a sense of wonder and reverence. This initial impression is
characterized by a mixture of excitement and humility, as the writer
acknowledges the challenge of capturing its magnificence in words.
As
the writer delves into Angkor's temples, his impression becomes more complex.
He grapples with the difficulty of describing their grandeur and conveys a
sense of frustration at his inability to do justice to their beauty. This
frustration is juxtaposed with the simplicity and clarity he embraces in his
writing, which allows him to convey emotions even if intricate details elude
him. His impression evolves into a realization that Angkor's splendor is not
solely found in elaborate descriptions but also in the emotions it evokes.
Furthermore,
the writer's encounter with the ruins and their juxtaposition with nature
deepens his impression. He reflects on the impact of time and nature's
dominance over human creations. The image of jungle-clad ruins serves as a
reminder of the impermanence of human achievements, creating a sense of
melancholy and humility. Additionally, the writer's experience of a storm
during his temple visit emphasizes nature's overwhelming power, leaving a
lasting impression of the site's vulnerability to the forces of the
environment.
In
the end, the writer's departure from Angkor leaves him with a poignant
impression. As he looks back at the once-thriving city now surrounded by
vibrant jungle, he feels a profound sense of silence and solitude. This final
impression encapsulates the passage of time, the cycle of rise and decline, and
the enduring presence of nature. The writer's mind is imprinted with a blend of
wonder, humility, and the recognition of human transience, offering a nuanced
and layered impression of Angkor's magnificence and its connection with the
world around it.
6. The author writes, "The peasant with his immemorial
usages belongs to an age far more ancient than Angkor Wat, the Great Wall of
China, or the Pyramids of Egypt." Explain.
In
this poignant statement, the author emphasizes the enduring connection between
the peasant's way of life and ancient traditions, highlighting their intrinsic
link to a past that predates even the most iconic architectural marvels of
human history like Angkor Wat, the Great Wall of China, and the Pyramids of
Egypt.
The
author's assertion underscores the notion that while these architectural
wonders are celebrated for their historical significance and grandeur, they are
comparatively recent developments in the timeline of human existence. Angkor
Wat, constructed in the 12th century, the Great Wall of China, built over
centuries, and the Pyramids of Egypt, dating back to around 2600 BC, may be
marvels of engineering and cultural heritage, but they represent relatively
more recent human achievements compared to the age-old practices of the
peasant.
The
"immemorial usages" of the peasant allude to deeply rooted customs
and ways of life that have been passed down through generations, forming an
unbroken chain of tradition. These practices encompass various aspects of daily
life, including agricultural techniques, rituals, social structures, and
cultural norms. The author's intention is to elevate the significance of these
seemingly ordinary practices by suggesting that they embody the essence of
human history, harking back to a time before monumental structures like Angkor
Wat and the Pyramids even existed.
By
contrasting the longevity of the peasant's traditions with the temporal nature
of architectural creations, the author underscores the profound continuity of
human culture through ages. The passage of time has seen the rise and fall of
empires, the construction of architectural marvels, and the evolution of
societies. However, the steadfast adherence to "immemorial usages" by
the peasant speaks to an unbroken thread of heritage that transcends time and
monumental achievements.
In
essence, the author's statement serves as a reminder that the true essence of
humanity's history is not solely captured in monumental structures, but also in
the living traditions of everyday people. The peasant, with his age-old
practices, becomes a living link to an ancient past that predates even the most
renowned historical landmarks, embodying the spirit of continuity, resilience,
and the enduring nature of human culture.
Best of Luck
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