ESSAY
5. Scientific Research is a Token of Humankind’s Survival
by Vladimir Keilis-Borok
SUMMARY
In
his essay "Scientific Research is a Token of Humankind Survival,"
Vladimir Koillis-Borok passionately defends the crucial role of science in safeguarding
humanity's survival. The essay sheds light on the motivations and dedication of
scientists who, despite earning less than other professions, are drawn to
science by the excitement of discovery and the greater rewards of honours and
promotions. The author recounts his personal experience during the Cold War,
where scientists from opposing sides came together in Geneva to discuss nuclear
weapons and reach an agreement to prevent further nuclear tests. This episode
serves as a powerful example of how science transcends national boundaries and
becomes a beacon of hope for global peace and survival.
Koillis-Borok,
a seismologist, emphasizes the practicality of scientists in addressing
real-world problems. From technological advancements to medical breakthroughs,
science has played a pivotal role in shaping human progress and improving
lives. The author highlights the significance of science in distinguishing
between natural and man-made disasters, such as earthquakes and nuclear
explosions, thereby aiding in disaster management and survival strategies.
The
essay underlines the indispensable role of science in tackling contemporary
challenges, including environmental crises, economic upheavals, and social
unrest. As the world faces an array of threats, Koillis-Borok stresses that
money alone cannot provide solutions. Instead, it is science that holds the key
to addressing complex issues and ensuring humanity's safe passage through
turbulent times.
The
writer's experiences during the Cold War and his expertise in seismology
underscore the unique perspective of scientists in contributing to global
stability. They possess the knowledge and ability to discern between potential
dangers and offer solutions that can prevent catastrophic outcomes. Science's capacity
to discover new energy sources, develop anti-terrorism defenses, and identify
mineral deposits further solidifies its position as the protector and caretaker
of our civilization.
Ultimately,
Koillis-Borok's essay highlights that science offers more than just material
progress; it symbolizes hope for humanity's survival. By promoting
international cooperation, scientific research bridges gaps between nations and
fosters a shared commitment to tackle common challenges. As natural and
man-made disasters continue to loom, science stands as an unwavering ally in
the quest for a safer and more prosperous future.
Vladimir
Koillis-Borok's essay passionately advocates for the indispensable role of
science in securing humanity's survival. Through personal anecdotes and global
examples, the author convincingly portrays science as a powerful force that
transcends boundaries and offers practical solutions to the complex problems we
face. Science emerges as our steadfast companion in navigating through the
perils of the modern world, offering hope and a pathway towards a more secure
and prosperous future.
Understanding the text
Answer the following questions.
a. What does a scientist get instead of big money?
In
the essay "Scientific Research is a Token of Humankind Survival," the
author, Vladimir Koillis-Borok, emphasizes that scientists are not motivated by
financial gains but rather by the excitement of discovery. Instead of seeking
large sums of money, scientists find satisfaction in the recognition and rewards
they receive for their contributions. The real reward for a scientist lies in
the honour and promotion bestowed upon them as a result of their groundbreaking
discoveries. This distinction highlights the unique nature of scientific
pursuits, where the pursuit of knowledge and understanding takes precedence
over material wealth. The passion for discovery and the desire to contribute to
the betterment of society drive scientists, making them invaluable guardians
and caretakers of humanity's progress and survival.
b. What was the problem that the nuclear powers had faced?
In
the essay "Scientific Research is a Token of Humankind Survival," the
author recounts a critical moment during the Cold War when nuclear powers
agreed to a moratorium on nuclear weapons testing. However, they were troubled
by the possibility of someone secretly conducting underground tests, which they
wouldn't be able to detect easily. Here, the importance of scientific expertise
and research becomes evident, as the author, a seismologist, possessed the
knowledge to differentiate between tremors caused by underground nuclear
explosions and natural earthquakes. Science played a crucial role in ensuring
compliance with the treaty and safeguarding humanity's survival. This incident
highlights how scientific understanding and collaboration can address global
challenges and contribute to the well-being of humanity.
c. In which area did Keilis Borok's theoretical knowledge have a
direct application?
In
"Scientific Research is a Token of Humankind Survival,"
Keilis-Borok's expertise as a seismologist proved invaluable for human
survival. His theoretical knowledge of seismic waves enabled him to distinguish
between tremors caused by underground nuclear explosions and natural earthquakes.
This skill became crucial during the Cold War when nuclear powers agreed to a
moratorium on nuclear testing. The fear of secret tests and the risk of
misinterpreting tremors were significant concerns. Keilis-Borok's ability to
differentiate between these tremors ensured the success of the treaty and
highlighted the vital role of science in safeguarding humanity. His practical
application of scientific knowledge underscores the importance of scientific
research in addressing global challenges and protecting human civilization.
d. What was the important decision that the politicians took
before Geneva Summit?
Before
the Geneva Summit, political leaders made a critical decision to ban the
testing of nuclear weapons, driven by the urgent need to ensure humanity's
survival. The fear of nuclear annihilation during the Cold War prompted the
three nuclear powers to come to an agreement. The prohibition aimed to prevent
the dangerous competition of developing more nuclear weapons, which could lead
to catastrophic consequences for the entire world. By reaching this accord, the
leaders acknowledged the potential devastation of nuclear warfare and took a
step towards global peace and security. The decision showcased the gravity of
the situation and the recognition that science, diplomacy, and cooperation are
vital in safeguarding the future of humanity.
e. What are the natural and man-made disasters as mentioned by
the author?
In
his essay, the author highlights a range of natural and man-made disasters that
pose threats to humanity's survival. Natural disasters like earthquakes,
environmental catastrophes, and social crises can cause widespread devastation
and loss of life. On the other hand, man-made disasters, such as the massive
release of radioactivity from nuclear waste disposal, outbreaks of violence,
and wars, can result in unimaginable consequences for societies and the
environment. The essay underscores the importance of science as a protector and
caretaker in dealing with these challenges. Through scientific advancements, we
can better understand and mitigate the impacts of both natural and man-made
disasters, offering hope for a safer and more sustainable future for humanity.
Reference to the context
a. The professional addressed as ‘you’ in the sentence “If you
are clever, why are you so poor?” refers to a…
i.
lawyer ii. doctor iii. scientist iv. businessman.
Justify
your choice.
The
author in the essay emphasizes that scientists possess remarkable intelligence
and brilliance due to their exceptional minds. However, their earnings are
comparatively lower than those of other professionals like lawyers, doctors,
and businessmen. Despite the financial disparity, scientists find solace in
their freedom, camaraderie, and independence. The intention behind this
portrayal is to showcase that while scientists are highly wise and
knowledgeable, their intellect often does not lead to substantial wealth
generation. The essay aims to highlight the contrast between the intellectual
fulfillment scientists experience and the financial rewards they receive,
ultimately underscoring the idea that wisdom and wealth do not always go hand
in hand for these individuals.
b. The writer says, “I found myself in Geneva.” What does it
express?
The
author's surprise is evident in the essay when he is unexpectedly summoned to a
nuclear weapons conference in Geneva. During the conference, he finds himself
engaged in a discussion with American scientist Frank Press, who references the
author's work while arguing with Moscow experts. This unexpected turn of events
leaves the author astonished, as he had not anticipated his research playing a
role in such high-stakes discussions. The essay portrays the author's amazement
at how his theoretical knowledge in seismology becomes directly relevant to the
pressing global issues of nuclear weapons testing and world peace, making him
an unexpected but vital participant in the dialogue between nuclear powers.
c. Are the following statements true? Why or why not? Discuss
with your partner.
i.
Money is more powerful than intellectual resources.
The
statement "Money is more powerful than intellectual resources"
suggests that in many situations, the availability of financial resources can
have a greater impact and influence than one's intellectual abilities or
knowledge. While intellectual resources are undoubtedly valuable and essential
for problem-solving and innovation, money often provides individuals with
opportunities, access to resources, and the ability to make significant changes
or advancements in various fields. In some cases, individuals with financial
means can achieve their goals more quickly and effectively by leveraging their
resources, even if they lack the same level of intellectual capacity as others.
However, it is essential to recognize that the combination of both intellectual
resources and financial resources can lead to even more significant
accomplishments and positive impacts in society.
ii.
Intellectual resources help survival of the mankind.
Intellectual
resources are the invaluable assets of human progress and well-being. They
encompass the collective knowledge, skills, and innovative ideas that have
propelled humanity forward in various aspects of life. Through scientific
research and technological advancements, intellectual resources have led to
remarkable achievements in disease prevention and treatment, enhancing public
health and extending human lifespans. They have also contributed to the
development of sophisticated security measures, protecting societies from the
threats of terrorism and ensuring safety. Furthermore, intellectual resources
have fostered the promotion of healthy lifestyles, enabling individuals to lead
fulfilling and productive lives. It is through the cultivation and dissemination
of intellectual resources that societies have thrived, creating a better future
for generations to come. By nurturing and investing in intellectual resources,
humanity can continue to flourish and tackle the challenges of the future with
confidence and ingenuity.
iii.
Basic research is a way of stalling disasters.
Basic
research indeed plays a crucial role in preventing and mitigating disasters.
Through rigorous scientific investigations, researchers gain a deep
understanding of natural phenomena, climate patterns, and potential hazards.
This knowledge allows them to predict and anticipate disasters like
earthquakes, hurricanes, and tsunamis, enabling early warnings and evacuation
plans to be implemented, saving countless lives. Furthermore, basic research
provides vital insights into climate change and its impacts, leading to
informed policies and practices aimed at mitigating its effects and promoting
sustainable living.
The
public's trust in scientific research is well-founded, as it empowers them with
accurate information to make informed decisions and take necessary precautions.
Governments and organizations rely on research-based data to develop disaster
preparedness strategies, allocate resources, and provide timely assistance
during emergencies. Thus, basic research acts as a powerful tool in
safeguarding communities and fostering a sense of security among people
worldwide. Its continuous pursuit and dissemination are paramount in ensuring a
safer and more resilient future for all.
d. How does the essayist justify that scientific research is the
humankind’s survival?
The
essayist passionately advocates for scientific research as the ultimate
safeguard for human survival. Through his compelling arguments, he emphasizes
the indispensable role of science in addressing the challenges of human
existence. Science, according to the essayist, is not just an academic pursuit
but a practical and essential tool that offers solutions to the pressing issues
in people's lives. From providing new energy sources to life-saving medicines,
and from predicting impending disasters to enhancing security measures,
scientific research plays a critical role in shaping a safer and more
prosperous future for humanity.
The
writer's belief in science as humanity's ultimate hope stems from its ability
to transcend national boundaries and unite scientists from all corners of the
world in the pursuit of common goals. By sharing knowledge and collaborating
across borders, scientists can tackle global problems and work towards a better
future for all. It is this collective effort and dedication to the advancement
of knowledge that makes scientific research a true guardian and caretaker of
humankind's survival.
e. What can be the purpose of the essayist of using quotations
in the essay?
The
purpose of the essayist using quotations in the essay could be to add
credibility and authority to his arguments. By including quotes from other
experts or researchers, the essayist can support his claims with evidence from reliable
sources. Quotations can also provide different perspectives on the topic,
allowing the essayist to present a well-rounded view of the subject matter.
Additionally, using quotations can make the essay more engaging and persuasive,
as the words of renowned figures or experts can carry more weight and impact.
Overall, the use of quotations serves to enhance the essay's persuasive power
and strengthen the writer's case for the importance of scientific research in
human survival.
f. Discuss and illustrate the writer’s stand that scientists are
the most practical people in the world.
The
author's position in this essay is that scientists are indeed the most
practical people on the planet. He supports this claim by providing examples of
the practical applications of scientific research in various fields, such as
technology, medicine, and industry. From antibiotics to genetic forensic
diagnosis, the author highlights how scientists' inventions have revolutionized
and improved human life. The essayist's argument is clear: scientists' work
directly impacts society by creating innovative solutions and technologies that
address real-world problems. By showcasing the tangible and transformative
outcomes of scientific research, the author effectively proves his point that
scientists are the most practical and impactful individuals in shaping the
world for the better.
Reference beyond the text
a. Everyone lives under the fear of annihilation by nuclear
weapons. Explain this statement.
In
the statement, "Everyone lives under the fear of annihilation by nuclear
weapons," the essayist highlights the grim reality of the Cold War era in
the 1960s. During this time, the world was deeply entrenched in a tense
geopolitical conflict between superpowers, particularly the Soviet Union and
the United States. Both nations possessed a vast arsenal of nuclear weapons,
capable of inflicting unimaginable destruction upon each other and other
countries.
The
threat of nuclear annihilation was very real and pervasive, extending far
beyond the borders of the warring nations. The global population lived in
constant fear of a catastrophic nuclear war that could potentially wipe out
entire civilizations. The prospect of mutually assured destruction served as a
deterrent, but it also created an atmosphere of uncertainty and anxiety, as any
miscalculation or miscommunication could lead to devastating consequences.
The
essayist emphasizes that this fear was not limited to political leaders or
military personnel but was shared by ordinary citizens worldwide. The pervasive
sense of vulnerability affected people of all ages, nationalities, and walks of
life. Families, communities, and nations were haunted by the specter of nuclear
conflict, and the uncertainty of the future was palpable.
In
response to this existential threat, the superpowers engaged in diplomatic
efforts to find a solution that could prevent the use of nuclear weapons and
maintain global peace. The essayist points out that despite their political differences
and ideological conflicts, these nations were willing to come together and
negotiate agreements, such as the ban on nuclear weapons testing.
Overall,
the statement highlights the gravity of the Cold War era and the far-reaching consequences
of nuclear weapons. It underscores the urgent need for diplomacy and
cooperation to avoid a catastrophic event that could threaten the very
existence of humanity. By painting this picture of global fear and
vulnerability, the essayist aims to emphasize the critical importance of peace
and international cooperation in safeguarding the world from the horrors of
nuclear annihilation.
b. The essayist says, ‘While there is science, there is hope of
survival and wellbeing for all of us.’ Explain it.
The
statement, "While there is science, there is hope of survival and
wellbeing for all of us," encapsulates the essayist's belief in the vital
role of science in securing the future of humanity. According to the essayist,
science serves as an indispensable guardian and caretaker, steering us towards
a safer and more prosperous existence.
The
essayist highlights a specific historical example to illustrate this point.
During the height of the Cold War, when the threat of nuclear annihilation
loomed large, countries came together to sign a treaty to prohibit secret
testing of nuclear weapons. While this treaty was a crucial step towards global
peace, it was the work of scientists that ensured its success. Scientists
played a pivotal role in distinguishing between tremors caused by nuclear
explosions and natural earthquakes, providing valuable information that helped
uphold the treaty and safeguard humanity from potential nuclear disasters.
Furthermore,
the essayist emphasizes that science is not limited to nuclear weaponry
detection; it also addresses numerous other challenges facing humanity. Through
scientific research, discoveries, and inventions, science has provided us with
new sources of energy, such as renewable technologies, which are essential for a
sustainable future. Additionally, science has uncovered mineral deposits vital
for economic development and created effective anti-terrorism defenses,
ensuring our safety against modern threats.
The
essayist broadens the scope of science's significance by pointing out that it
holds the key to addressing both natural and man-made disasters. Whether it be
earthquakes, tsunamis, pandemics, or terrorist attacks, science offers
innovative solutions that can mitigate the impact of these disasters and
improve the overall wellbeing of humanity.
The
author's conclusion is that money alone cannot ensure humanity's survival and
wellbeing. Instead, it is the knowledge, research, and problem-solving
abilities inherent in science that provide the hope for a better future. By
presenting this argument, the essayist underscores the importance of continued
investment in scientific research and encourages society to place trust in the
potential of science to overcome the challenges that lie ahead.
The
essayist firmly believes that science is the key to humanity's survival and
wellbeing. It has the power to detect threats, develop innovative solutions,
and foster progress in various aspects of life. With science as our guiding
force, the hope for a brighter, safer, and healthier future for all remains
alive.
c. Is science a blessing or a curse? Write an essay on it.
Is
science a blessing or a curse?
Science,
as the systematic pursuit of knowledge and understanding, has undoubtedly
brought about remarkable advancements and improvements in the world. It has led
to the invention of life-saving medicines, groundbreaking technologies, and
innovations that have transformed the way we live. However, the question of
whether science is a blessing or a curse remains a complex and contentious
issue.
On
one hand, the positive impact of science on human life is undeniable. The
development of antibiotics has revolutionized medicine, saving countless lives
from once-fatal infections. Electronic devices and advancements in
communication have brought the world closer, facilitating instant communication
and access to information. Biotechnology has opened new possibilities in
healthcare, agriculture, and environmental protection. The green revolution has
significantly increased food production, alleviating hunger in many regions.
Genetic forensic diagnosis has revolutionized criminal investigations, leading
to more accurate identifications and solving complex cases.
Science
has also led to significant improvements in various industries, boosting
economic growth and enhancing the quality of life for many. From transportation
to entertainment, science has enriched human experiences and made daily tasks
more efficient.
However,
the potential negative consequences of scientific advancements cannot be
overlooked. The same scientific discoveries that benefit humanity can also be
misused for harmful purposes. The development of powerful weapons, including
nuclear arms, has posed serious threats to global security and the potential
for devastating conflicts. Environmental pollution, deforestation, and climate
change are some of the unintended consequences of human activities driven by
scientific and technological advancements.
Moreover,
the rapid pace of scientific progress has raised ethical dilemmas concerning
genetic engineering, human cloning, and artificial intelligence. These
advancements have the potential to reshape society and human life, requiring
thoughtful consideration and responsible use.
To
determine whether science is a blessing or a curse, it is essential to consider
the intentions behind its application. Science itself is neutral; it is the way
we utilize scientific knowledge that determines its impact. Responsible and
ethical use of science can lead to unprecedented advancements that benefit
humanity, while reckless or malicious application can have severe consequences.
Science
can be both a blessing and a curse depending on how it is employed. Its
transformative power has brought immense progress and benefits to human
society, but it has also created challenges and potential risks. The key lies
in promoting responsible and ethical scientific research and application,
guided by a commitment to the welfare and well-being of humanity. By harnessing
the potential of science for the greater good, we can maximize its blessings
while mitigating its curses and shape a brighter future for all.
Best of Luck
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