HISSAN
CENTRAL EXAMINATION 2079 (2022)
Grade: XII
OPT.
ENGLISH
F.M.:
75
Time:
3 hrs.
Candidates
are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable.
The figures in the margin indicate full marks.
Attempt all questions.
GROUP A
Multiple
Choice questions [11x1=11]
1) Language can be varied in terms of........................
a)
pronunciation
b)
vocabulary
c)
grammar
d)
all the above
2) Anjana speaks, reads, writes and understands English, Spanish, French and
Italian. She is......
a) trilingual
b)
bilingual
c)
multilingual
d)
monolingual
3) Which approach allows learner to acquire a language as babies do,
beginning with silent listening?
a)
The Communicative approach
b)
The natural approach
c)
The direct approach
d)
Cognitive approach
4) Who is Mirmer?
a)
A giant
b)
A tree
c)
Odin's brother
d)
The guardian of the Urdar-well
5) What is the main theme of the story "The Lost Child"?
a)
Bond between a child and parents
b)
Childhood memories
c)
Domestic violence
d)
Child in difficulty
6) What is the main reason Julian speaks of racial equality?
a)
He wants racial equality
b)
To impress black people
c)
To annoy his mother
d)
To meet girls
7) The phrase 'fair as star' is a..................
a)
metaphor
b)
simile
c)
alliteration
d)
imagery
8) "Autobiography" is........................
a)
Reader oriented text
b)
Writer oriented text
c)
Humorous text
d)
Factual text
9) New critics are mostly concerned with................
a)
the author's background
b)
the text's message or moral
c)
the text itself
d)
there responses to the text
10) The perspective of the margins seeks......................
a)
literature of the canon
b)
literature of the minority
c)
literature of the west
d)
literature of the dominant class
11) What item did Larry Keller receive that upset him so greatly?
a)
A newspaper
b)
A letter from Ann
c)
A gift from Kate
d)
A false notice that Chris had died
GROUP
B
Write
short answer to these questions. [8×5=40]
12) What are the major languages of Nepal? Write in short about some of them.
Answer:
Languages
are medium through which people in the world communicate with one another.
There are more than 140 Language family and 7,139 Languages in the world. When
we talk about Nepal, according to the census of 2068 B.S. there are 129
Languages that have been found to have existed so far. Among them 6 have been
extinct, so only 123 are spoken by the people.
The languages of Nepal are not spoken by people in an equal manner. Around 96%
of the Nepalese people speak 19 languages among the 123 and rests 4% speak the
104 languages. The major languages of Nepal are: Nepali, Newari, Maithili etc.
English is also another language that is spoken by majority of young people and
some older people too. Since, English is taught as a major Language in school
it is getting quite popular these days.
Nepali is the official language of Nepal. More than half of the Nepali people
speak Nepali as their mother tongue and Those who have a different mother
tongue also speak Nepali as Nepali is the language of the government as well. Alongside
English Nepali is also taught in school. Maithili is the second most spoken language
of Nepal. The people who reside mostly in Terai region speak Maithali in their
daily basis. Maithili is also written using Devanagari script.
Newari is spoken mostly by the native Kathmandu dwellers known as Newars.
Newari has its own script and has a large number of speakers as well.
13)
What do you understand by the technique of translation'? List out different
techniques of translation.
Answer:
Languages differ lexically, syntactically and
culturally. For example, the Nepali and English languages have different sets
of vocabulary; they follow different syntactic patterns; and they are
culturally distant. Such differences cause gaps between two languages. Gaps
cause the loss of meaning. Because of cultural gaps, Nepali words such as
samdhi, samdhini, mit, mitini, and phupu cannot be directly translated into
English. Translation scholars have proposed different ways or techniques to
narrow down the gaps between two languages during translation. Some of them are
as follows:
a. Literal translation: While translating literally, the translator aims to
reproduce the source text word by word, phrase by phrase or clause by clause by
following the grammar of the TL. It is also called one-to-one translation.
For example:
black board : kalopati
b. Borrowing:
It is one of the common techniques to fill the gap in the TL. By using this
technique, the translator borrows or adopts SL words to the TL. Recently, the
words such as lockdown, quarantine, Corona Virus, sanitizer and corona positive
are borrowed from English and used in Nepali.
c. Paraphrasing:
In paraphrasing, the translator paraphrases the meaning of the SL word to make
it easier to understand. For example:
algae : pani-ma umrane banaspati jastai leu
d. Loan creation:
New words are coined in the TL to reflect source concepts or meanings. There
are several Nepali words coined as equivalents of English words in science,
technology, and communication. For example:
computer : susankyayantra
e. Substitution:
In substitution, SL words are substituted by TL words. For example:
trousers : suruwal
f. Footnote:
A footnote refers to an additional piece of information given at the bottom of
a page. For example, Tihar can be explained as a festival of lights that is
observed in Nepal for five days.
g. Recognized Translation: By this technique, the translator uses the
word/expression that has already been accepted by the community. The translation
of Sikshya Sastra Sankaya as the Faculty of Education is an example of
recognized translation.
h. Sense-for-sense translation: The translator conveys the overall meaning of the
sentence or clause, not the meanings of individual words. For example:
He kicked the bucket : u marnyo
i. Blending or hybrid formation: This technique combines certain parts of source and
target words to make a new word in the TL. Examples include kovid-19, kovid
mahamari, anlain kakchhya, and gobar gyas.
14) Why was Cruz not happy in taking the life of the buck? (Devil Deer)
Answer:
Devil
deer is a short story written by Rudolfo Anaya which tells the story of a
village filled with hunters who hunted animals for their survival.
The village where the protagonist Cruz dived was known for its courageous
people; the people who lived there mostly hunted deer which they brought back
for their family. Every night the town people gathered together to have a meal
around the fire and told their deeds of bravery. Cruz wanted to go and hunt a
deer for his family, He make a plan with his friend Joe to go out and hunt an
animal. But since the deer around them had started going scarce due to over
hunting, they decide to go to a deeper section of the jungle. That deeper section
of jungle contained a chemical factory as well. But a few days before the hunt,
Joe broke his leg and couldn't go. So, Cruz went alone to hunt the deer. When Cruz
reached the creak he saw the deer he needed. So he killed the deer by firing
many shots. After the deer died Cruz went near it and horrified to find that
the deer was so badly deformed. The chemical factory had caused the deer to
look like a devil.
Seeing
its condition, Cruz felt very bad for killing the deer. The deer had suffered a
lot already. So he wasn't thinking that his wife would be happy.
15)
How do you take the lady of the poem 'The Three Knights' Do you appreciate or
criticize her (The Three Knights)
Answer:
'The
three knights' is a poem written by Davies Gilbert which accounts the tale of
three knights, who propose to the same lady that they all like.
The
Lady of the poem is a fair maiden who is liked by three knights. She has a
family which consists of her father, mother, sisters, brother and sister-in law.
She is shown to be someone who loves her family as when she is proposed by the
knights, she doesn't make a haste decision of accepting one of them rather just
asks them whether they had talked to her family members or not while travelling
with the knights. She gets injured by her strict brother's behaviors. While
asked what she wants to give her family as a wedding wish, she says that she'll
gift a horse to her father, her wedding gown to mother, a gold ring to sister
along with a fan and her brother a gallows and rope to hang on when her brother
is dead, her sister-in-law will have a peaceful life as a gift.
I
appreciate the lady for her love of her family and how she thinks for everyone.
16)
Why is the main concern of Mandela in the speech? (Speech on Release from Jail)
Answer:
Nelson
Mandela was prisoned for nearly 27 years as a political prisoner when he was
freed in 1990, he gave a speech in front of all of his supporters and
supporters of peace.
In his speech on release from jail, he has started his speech by thanking all
of his supporters and the people who has supported the anti-apartheid movement.
He said that he is not a preacher of anti-racism movement but rather a servant
of the people who is just trying his best to bring equality in South Africa
where there is a domination of whites over blacks. He has said that he wants a
world where there is no discrimination and people can live a happy life without
any war. He preaches about all people living side by side without any
domination.
Mandela also thanks all other people in the world who have advocated for all Africans
to live a better life. He has raised his voice against the apartheids and the
entire racist who discriminate. He said that hope to see a world with no racism
and thanks all the politicians of Africa for fighting for their selves. He
became the President of South Africa in 1994AD.
17) What are the common traits of modern and post-modern perspectives in
literature? How do they differ?
Answer:
Post
modern perspective and modern perspective are both the perspective that have
been used in the modern times especially after the 1950s. Postmodernism means
after modernism, which means the postmodern perspective came to the scene after
the modernist perspective. Postmodernism also means against modernism. It is
generally believed that modernism in art, literature, culture, and philosophy
began in the first decade of the 20th century and continued until the end of
World War II. The new perspective on life, literature, language, art, and
culture replaced that of the modern period. Modernism was based on the belief
in perfection, completeness, wholeness, the singularity of meaning, whereas the
postmodernist perspective came with a different belief.
Postmodernists
reject the notion of centrality, question the relationship between center and
margin, demolish the conventional boundaries drawn between literary genres such
as poetry versus prose. Moreover, postmodernists celebrate the play of
signifiers (ie. words), openness, fragmentation, and discontinuity in
narration, ambiguity, plurality, and indeterminacy of meaning.
Post modern and modern perspective both have the characteristics of believing
in only factual and & evidence having stuff. It doesn't believe in god and
spirits so much. The Post modern perspective and modern perspective try to
demolish the already set boundaries of literary writing by adding as various
new elements such as meta-fiction, demolishing of literary genres, unreliable
narration, fusion between fact and fiction.
Modern
perspective where in the other hand doesn't do all of these to this extent.
18) What is meta-language? Why does the author think the metalanguage is not a
new concept?
Answer:
Meta
language is an essay written by Lisa Tran who gives people a basic concept of
what a meta-language. It and how people don't know about it despite it being
here for so long.
Meta-language
is a language that is used to describe another language. Meta language can be a
language that describes another language or the same language. For example:
Instead of 'It's raining' you can explain it as 'the clouds are crying' which
explains the language for it to be understood. Mata-language is not a new
concept at all that Meta Language has been prevailing in literature for so long
but not much talk about it, which is why it is feels like a new concept. The
concept of Mise-en-scene, foregrounding and many more methods of movie making
are also meta-languages. When a scene foreboder something or gives context to
do else it too is meta-language.
Meta language needs to be taught to children because it will help them learn to
write more better answers during exams as well.
19)
Explain the lines with reference to context:
Why
should I blame her that she filled my days
With
misery, or that should would of late
Have
taught to ignorant men most violent ways,
Or
hurled the little streets upon the great,
Had
they but courage equal to desire?
(No
Second Troy)
Answer:
The
above lines are taken from the poem sonnet 'No second Troy' written by William
Butler Yeats. The poem is written about the poet's unrequited love for Maud Gonne
an Ireland Revolutionist.
The above lines explain the agony that WB Yeats went through because of Maud Gonne.
He says that Maud Gonne is the reason why should he blame her- for filling his
days with misery. He is blaming her that why war was introduced in the innocent
of the Irish men. It was her blind ambition that they got her their lives
ruined. The agents of nationalism therefore for him should have been noble and
valiant of the upper class rather than the 'ignorant men', who have no physical
or moral 'courage equal to desire.'
He mentions that Maud Gonne was diverging people towards violence against
Britain. For this, William Butler accuses Maud Gonne as a reason for class
warfare. William Butler was a non- violence supporter
and wanted to make Ireland an independence country without any violence. But
Maud Gonne was in favor of violence. The innocent people didn't have a desire
of their own, it was Maud Gonne who destroyed their lives.
GROUP
C
Write long answer to these questions. [3x 8-24]
20) Arthur Miller's "All My Sons- A play in three acts" shows the
destructive effect of dishonesty. Discuss this statement in relation to one of
the main characters in the play.
Answer:
'All
my sons' is a three-act play written by a very famous dramatist Arthur Miller.
The play is set a few years after the Second World War and fells the story of a
rich white family in a suburban area.
All my sons a play in three acts shows the destructive effect of dishonesty.
The play tells the story of a famous businessman Joe Keller who earned a lot of
money during the world war by selling fighter jet plane parts. Joe Keller lives
with his wife Kate Keller and his younger son Chris Keller. His elder son and
younger son both had taken part in the war but only one of them had returned
home alive.
His
elder son Larry Keller had died in the war and his younger son had returned
with a lot of pain and sufferings of the war. Since a few year had passed by
the family was trying their best to cope with their losses. But Joe's wife, Kate
believed that her son had only gone missing as his body was never found. She
everyday keeps looking at news, hopes of finding her son. She had also used to
get Larry's horoscope checked to see when he would come back.
Despite everyone being fed up with her not accepting Larry's death, nobody said
anything to her because believing Larry is alive was the only way she was able
to cope with his loss. Kate too probably understood that her son was never
coming back but thinking that he is alive was much easier than grieving to his
death.
As Joe Keller was businessman who had earned his money during the war, he
hadn't done it in an honest way. The fighter jet parts that he had sold were
faulty plane parts and killed 21 pilots. But Joe Keller instead of accepting
his mistake and getting punished for it, blamed his subordinate Steve Deever
who was also his long time friend. Since, Joe was a big shot he got out free of
any criminal charges but innocent Steve got prosecuted.
When
Joe had been living his best life with his wife and son George and Ann Deever
and Steve Deever's son and daughter come back at Keller's family house. Ann had
fallen in love with Chris after Larry's death. George had become a big lawyer.
George completely believed that his father was innocent. Ann had her doubts.
But when Kate Keller unknowingly mentions that Joe was the real perpetrator,
everyone gets shocked. Kate despite knowing everything from the start still
doesn't acknowledge her son's death which causes Ann to reveal a letter that Larry
had sent her before dying which mentioned his deaths cause being his dad
Reading the letter, Kate, Chris and Joe all three get heartbroken. Unable to
let go of his guilt, Joe at the very end commit suicide.
21) Why do you think Paul gets in trouble at school? What about Paul bothers his
teacher the most?
Answer:
'Paul's
Case' is a short story written by Willa Cather which accounts the life of a
very troubled young boy who makes some bad decisions which ends up costing him
his life. At the very beginning of the story, we are introduced to a young boy
named Paul who is called into the principal's office because of his unruly
behavior with his teachers. His teachers are completely fed up with his
behavior of disrespecting his teachers and not obeying them had resulted in
that day.
The teachers who taught Paul somehow understood why Paul acted the way he did.
Paul wasn't just a trouble in school; he was a bad kid in his house as well.
This bad attitude of his mostly resulted from his absentee father and dead
mother. Paul's was in a very young age when his mother had died and after his
mother's death, Paul fathers had become busy as well. He drank heavily and could
not able to give love rather made distance.
Paul did all of his antics as a way to cope with his failing family. He wanted
the attention of his father in his life and he got that by behaving as a bad kid.
As most of the teachers knew about Paul's background that wasn't the thing that
bothered them the most. The thing that bothered them the most was how Paul always
refused to get help.
Whenever they tried to help by being a bit more understanding of his situation.
Paul always turned them down and never tried to get better or be a better
person. He always ignored his teacher's helps, who attempt to understand him
better. He had built a wall around that could never be penetrated by anyone
even if they tried their hardest.
Even when standing in the principal's office in front of all of his teachers,
Paul didn't pay any attention to them. He behaved as none of that affected him
even a bit. The principal's warning of restricting him from the school also
didn't have any effects on him. He had been suspended before and he didn't mind
it happening again. So, when he was suspended for the second time he just left
the school without caring for anything.
22) Write a short notes on
i) New Criticism
Answer:
New
Criticism regards a literary text as a primary object of analysis. In other
words, its ultimate focus is on the text itself disregarding the author's
biography and socio-cultural context of the text. Similar to Formalists, New
Critics advocate objective and text-centered criticism. Both criticisms direct
the reader's attention to the language of the text, the interplay of literary
devices, and formal properties. However, New Criticism is broader and more
liberal than the Formalist perspective. Unlike Formalists, New Critics do not
remove the theme of the text from its analysis. For them, the formal properties
of a literary work are inseparable from its theme. Theme and form are
interconnected like body and soul.
For
a text to be organic, each part is necessary and should fit well with other
parts, and all parts should work together to contribute to the overall theme
and organization of work. Every character, every event, every image, every
tension, every ambiguity is supposed to contribute to the overall theme of the
work. New Critics assert that we need to explore the complex interplay of
formal elements such as symbolism, ambiguity, irony, and imagery to understand
the theme.
New Critics take the form and the meaning (content) of a poem inseparable. The
role of the reader is to read the poem closely in order to reveal how words,
figures of speech, irony, symbolism, paradox, and ambiguity reveal the multiple
layers of meaning of the poem. For this, the reader should carry out
word-by-word analysis of a poem to find out denotative and connotative meanings
of words, to understand figurative, symbolic, ambiguous meanings. Of the
properties of a literary text, we discuss the use of figures of speech,
symbolism, and imagery.
ii)
Cultural Criticism and New Historicism
Answer:
Literature
reflects cultural forms and practices which are guided by certain cultural
norms and values. Cultural forms refer to the concrete manifestation of
culture. Examples include material cultures such as food, clothes, houses and towns,
transport; social culture such as work and leisure, pub life, group-singing,
dances; fairs and festivals; social customs and activities; and gestures and
habits. These are the observable forms of culture through which members of a
community express their identity as a distinct cultural group. Cultural forms
also help them to express mutual feelings of solidarity. Likewise, cultural
practices are also the manifestation of a tradition or custom within a
particular culture.
New
historicism, a form of literary theory which aims to understand
intellectual history through literature and literature through its cultural
context, follows the 1950s field of history of ideas and refers to itself
as a form of cultural poetics. Stephen Greenblatt coined the term new
historicism when he collected a bunch of essays and then, out of a kind of
desperation to get the introduction done, he wrote that the essays represented
something called a 'new historicism'.
Cultural
criticism and New Historicism view a text from the point of culture and
History. A text is a byproduct of its history and culture that it belongs to. A
culture is a way of living in a society and cultural criticism also believed
that. A person can't write by going for from a culture that one belongs to
whatever one sees or experiences comes as a byproduct in the text.
Same
goes in history. A person can't separate himself from the history they belong in;
whatever they read or have seen in the history is what they write in the text
that they produce. Cultural criticism and New Historicism view a text a
byproduct of history and culture. As there is a saying that history repeats
itself, same goes with Literature. Whatever the person has consumed in the past
is what he or she writes about it in the present. No one can go far from the
society they live in. The entire concept of the literature being the mirror of
the society also comes true here.
THE END
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