Unit - 8. Human Culture | NEB Grade XII Compulsory English Note | Language Development

 

Unit - 8.     Human Culture Class

 

LAND OF PLENTY

 

 

WORKING WITH WORDS 

A. Complete the given sentences with the suitable words from the box.

wrapped       embarrassment           abundance

ordinary        teetering                     outskirts              dragging

a. The annual report has caused acute ……… to the government.

The annual report has caused acute embarrassment to the government.

b. Ellen has worn high-heels. She is………………

Ellen has worn high-heels. She is teetering

c. Look! The poor horse is ………………. a heavy load. 

Look! The poor horse is dragging a heavy load. 

d. As they approached the...…..of the city, Ella's mood visibly lightened. 

As they approached the outskirts of the city, Ella's mood visibly lightened. 

e. The parcel was ……. in plain brown paper. It still looks attractive. 

The parcel was wrapped in plain brown paper. It still looks attractive. 

f. Fruits and vegetables grow in ……………. in the Terai region. 

Fruits and vegetables grow in abundance in the Terai region. 

g. They can abstract precious medicines from ……… substances. 

They can abstract precious medicines from ordinary substances. 

 

B. Word formation is a process in which new words are formed from base or root words by adding prefixes or suffixes. A root word can be a verb, noun, adjective or an adverb. See the following examples. 

Root word         Suffix            New word

govern (v.)        -ment         government (n.)

perfect (adj.)     -ion           perfection (n.)

service (v.)        -able         serviceable (adj.) 

beauty (n.)         -full           beautiful (adj.)

warm (adj.)        -ly             warmly (adv.)

C. Add suitable suffix to the root words given and write the parts of speech of each newly formed word. 

Root word	Suffix	New word	parts of speech
neighbour	hood	neighbourhood	noun
comfort	able	comfortable	adjective
shop	er	shopper	noun
husk	y	husky	adjective
squeamish	ness	squeamishness	noun
change	able	changeable
shine	y	shiny	adjective
colloquial	ly	colloquially	adverb
collect	ion	collection	noun
embarrass	ment	embarrassment	noun
persuade	able ive	persuadable persuasive	adjective adjective
type	ical	typical	adjective
differ	ly	differently	adverb
ship	able	shippable	adjective
tropic	ic ical	tropic tropical	noun adjective
drive	er	driver	noun
reside	er	resider	noun
brother	hood	brotherhood	noun
fresh	er	fresher	adjective

 

 

D. Look for the following words related to waste management in an English dictionary. Make sentences of your own using them.

sewage, sludge, organic waste, inorganic waste, methane, waste reduction, monofil, market waste, incineration, hazardous waste

sewage:

Sewage should be treated in a proper disposal system.

sludge:

There was some sludge at the bottom of the tank.

organic waste:

It’s biodegradable, so organic waste breaks down over time. 

inorganic waste:

The world is crammed with inorganic wastes.

methane:

Methane is the main constituent of natural gas.

waste reduction:

Waste reduction is the practice of preventing waste by decreasing or eliminating the amount of materials initially used. 

monofil:

They couldn't use monofil (artificial fibre) here in this object.

market waste:

Market waste should be managed properly for healthy life.

incineration:

These timescales indicate a reluctance to promote mass-burn incineration with energy recovery.

 

hazardous waste:

Please note that some charges may apply for hazardous waste disposal.

 

 

COMPREHENSION 

Answer the following questions.

a. How does the author describe the Japanese waste management system? 

The author describes the Japanese waste management system in a very funny and sarcastic way.

 

 

b. What are the two reasons behind the existence of sodaigomi in Japanese culture?

The two reasons behind the existence of sodaigomi in Japanese culture are as follows: The first reason is the small size of the typical Japanese house, with its lack of attic, cellar, garage, or spare room. The second reason is that the Japanese people always desire for freshness and purity.

c. What, according to the author, do the Japanese feel at the thought of buying second hand items?

According to the author, the Japanese feel very awkward at the thought of buying second-hand items, like buying someone else's sock.

d. How is Malaysian culture different from Japanese culture concerning the used items?

Malaysian culture is different from Japanese culture concerning the used items as Malaysia where no one throws anything away from their houses like Japanese culture.

e. Why did the author feel awkward at the sodaigomi pile?

The author felt awkward at the sodaigomi pile because he felt too confused and timid to grab anything from the sodaigomi pile.

f. How many articles did the author bring to his house one after another?

The author brought numerous articles to his house one after another.

g. Why do most people try to find things in trash pile ‘in the dead of the night’? 

Most people try to find things in the trash in the dead of the night because it is a shameful act to pick the things in a trash pile in a day time publicly.

h. How did the author’s family assimilate Japanese culture in using consumer goods?

The author's family assimilated Japanese culture in using consumer goods by their experience regarding sodaigomi and people's activities.

 

 

 

 

 

 

CRITICAL THINKING 

a. If you happen to be in Japan someday, will you collect articles from sodaigomi? Why or why not? 

 

Of course, I will collect articles from sodaigomi if I will be in Japan, because it's a fantastic culture I have ever heard. It refers to oversized or bulky waste items that cannot be disposed of through regular waste collection services. These items include large furniture, appliances, mattresses, bicycles, and other household items that are no longer needed. In Japan, residents typically need to arrange for special collection services to dispose of sodaigomi. Local municipalities often have specific days or procedures for the collection of bulky waste to ensure proper disposal and recycling.

 

The sodaigomi culture in Japan reflects the country's commitment to responsible waste management and sustainability. Sodaigomi, which translates to "bulky waste," encompasses oversized items that cannot be disposed of through regular waste collection services. This culture of handling bulky waste showcases Japan's dedication to environmental consciousness, efficiency, and community cooperation. One of the key aspects of the sodaigomi culture is the meticulous organization and scheduling of waste collection. Each municipality in Japan typically designates specific days for bulky waste pickup. Residents are required to follow these schedules to ensure a smooth and organized waste disposal process. This approach helps prevent illegal dumping and keeps neighborhoods clean and clutter-free.

 

The Japanese sodaigomi culture prioritizes the principle of "mottainai," which roughly translates to "what a waste" or "don't waste." This concept encourages people to use resources wisely, avoid wastefulness, and recycle whenever possible. As a result, many items discarded as bulky waste are still in good condition and can be repurposed or repaired. To further promote recycling and resource conservation, Japan encourages residents to separate bulky waste items based on material type. This allows for efficient recycling and reduces the environmental impact of waste disposal. Valuable materials, such as metals and electronics, are salvaged and processed for reuse, contributing to the country's circular economy.

 

Community cooperation is a crucial element of the sodaigomi culture. Local authorities actively engage with residents, providing information about collection schedules, guidelines, and the importance of proper waste disposal. Neighbors often work together to ensure that bulky waste items are placed in designated collection areas on the scheduled days, fostering a sense of collective responsibility for the environment. In addition to formal waste collection systems, Japan has a culture of "moyai." This involves forming small groups or associations within neighborhoods or communities to address various issues, including waste management. The moyai spirit encourages collaboration and mutual support, making waste disposal and recycling a shared responsibility.

 

Overall, the sodaigomi culture in Japan reflects the nation's commitment to sustainability, environmental consciousness, and community engagement. Through careful planning, responsible waste separation, and active participation, Japan continues to set an example for efficient and environmentally-friendly waste management practices, making it a global leader in the journey towards a more sustainable future.

 

 

 

WRITING

A. Write a paragraph elaborating the idea of 3Rs (reduce, reuse and recycle) in garbage management.

 

The concept of the 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle) lies at the heart of effective garbage management and sustainable waste practices. Each R represents a crucial step in minimizing waste generation, conserving resources, and reducing the environmental impact of garbage.

 

The first R, "Reduce," emphasizes the importance of minimizing waste generation at the source. It involves making conscious choices to limit unnecessary consumption and opting for products with minimal packaging. By reducing our consumption habits, we can significantly decrease the amount of waste we produce. Strategies like buying in bulk, using reusable containers, and practicing mindful shopping contribute to waste reduction. This step encourages individuals, businesses, and governments to prioritize sustainability and consider the environmental consequences of their consumption patterns.

 

The second R, "Reuse," advocates finding alternative uses for items instead of discarding them after a single use. Many items can be repurposed and given a second life, saving resources and reducing the need for new production. Embracing reusable products, such as water bottles, cloth shopping bags, and rechargeable batteries, exemplifies the essence of this principle. Additionally, donating or selling items in good condition instead of throwing them away fosters a culture of responsible consumption and waste reduction.

 

The third R, "Recycle," focuses on transforming waste materials into new products, diverting them from landfills and reducing the need for raw materials. Recycling involves collecting, processing, and remanufacturing waste materials, such as paper, plastic, glass, and metal, to create new products or packaging. It plays a vital role in conserving natural resources, reducing energy consumption, and curbing greenhouse gas emissions. Effective recycling requires proper waste separation, awareness about recyclable materials, and cooperation from individuals, industries, and waste management systems.

 

By integrating the principles of the 3Rs into garbage management, communities can achieve significant environmental benefits. This approach not only conserves natural resources and reduces greenhouse gas emissions but also mitigates pollution and minimizes the strain on landfill capacities. Governments, businesses, and individuals all play essential roles in adopting and promoting the 3Rs, contributing to a more sustainable and environmentally responsible future. As global awareness of waste management and sustainability grows, embracing the 3Rs becomes paramount in mitigating the environmental impact of waste and fostering a circular economy where resources are conserved and waste is minimized.

 

 

B. Garbage management is a big problem in most of the cities in Nepal. Write a letter to the editor to be published in the daily newspaper suggesting the ways of ‘Solving Garbage Problems.’

 

Kathmandu

June 15, 2023

 

The Editor,

The Kathmandu Post,

Kathmandu.

 

Subject: Suggesting Ways to Solve Garbage Problems in Our Cities

 

Dear Editor,

I am writing to address a pressing issue that has been plaguing our cities in Nepal - the problem of garbage management. It is evident that the improper disposal of waste is not only unsightly but also poses significant environmental and health risks to our communities. I would like to propose some practical solutions to tackle this issue and pave the way towards a cleaner, greener, and more sustainable future for our cities.

 

One of the first steps in solving the garbage problem is to raise awareness and educate citizens about the importance of responsible waste management. Regular awareness campaigns, workshops, and school programs can help inform the public about the 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle) and the proper ways to segregate and dispose of waste.

 

Encouraging households and businesses to segregate waste at the source is crucial. Implementing a color-coded bin system for different types of waste (biodegradable, recyclable, and non-recyclable) can make waste collection and recycling more efficient.

 

Involving local communities in garbage management initiatives can have a profound impact. Organizing community clean-up drives, waste collection events, and promoting volunteer-based recycling efforts can foster a sense of ownership and responsibility among citizens.

 

Adequate waste collection infrastructure is essential for effective garbage management. Municipalities should invest in modern waste collection vehicles, proper waste treatment plants, and recycling facilities to ensure timely and efficient waste disposal.

 

Creating a market for recycled materials can incentivize recycling efforts. Governments can provide support and incentives to businesses and industries that use recycled materials in their production processes.

 

Implementing a ban on single-use plastics, such as plastic bags and disposable cutlery, can significantly reduce plastic waste in our cities. Encouraging the use of eco-friendly alternatives and reusable products can be an integral part of this initiative.

 

Collaboration between the government, private sector, and non-governmental organizations is essential for effective waste management. Establishing public-private partnerships can facilitate the implementation of waste management projects and ensure their sustainability.

 

Addressing the garbage problem requires concerted efforts from all stakeholders - citizens, local authorities, businesses, and the government. By adopting these strategies and working together, we can overcome the challenges posed by improper garbage management and pave the way for cleaner, healthier, and more sustainable cities in Nepal.

 

Sincerely,

ABC

 

 

Extra Question 

Read the PASSAGE and answer the questions.                         [15]

 

My parents were not able to pay for my higher studies. I needed to get a job to support my family as well as to save my face. I tried my luck but there was no job in the lines of my palm. It was not thought decent to dirty your hands after being at college but one day, my mother asked me if I could help her in the fields.

I liked working in the monsoon when there was no scorching sun in the sky. Mostly we worked in a drizzling rain that swept away the sweat of our toil. Under the canopy of black and whit e clouds we pulled the rice seedlings to plant them in a swampy soil as smooth as curd. The work was fun particularly when the co-workers were other young people.

But working in summer was very difficult and boring. Without any kind of irrigation, we had to depend on our own muscles. Swinging baskets or buckets were used to water the fields: they were suspended by four cords and were held at each end by two people. The buckets were dipped into the water-sometimes four feet down and then raised with a single throw so that the water could flow into the fields. Thus, with one basket, we could irrigate half an acre a day. By the time the day was finished we were finished too. What I had heard about Europe had led me to believe that what took two of us an hour to do, an English farmhand could have done in 15 minutes. Such were the conditions then and they are the same now.

Except for a few tractors there is no change. The bullock cart with its slow jolting motion-the symbol of village life-is still the chief means of transportation. The wooden ploughs, light enough for the farmers to carry them on their shoulders, have not yet been replaced with tractors.

Mattocks with iron heads bent at a sharp angle to the hafts and harrows that are nothing more than flattened logs are still the same. Sowing baskets made of bamboo strips, small wooden handled reaping sickles are also the same. The stone grinding mill is still used by the village women.

 

1. Answer the following questions:

a)     Do you think an educated person shouldn’t work in the field?

b)    How did the workers feel at the end of the day?

c)     In what way is village life still the same?

d)    Is the writer an educated person? How do you know?

e)     What are bullock cart used for?

f)      What did people think about working in the fields after studying at college?

g)     What had the writer heard about the European farming?

h)    What is the stone grinding mill used for?

i)       What was thought to be disgraceful for an educated person?

j)       When was the work fun?

k)    Why did the writer have to stop the higher studies?

l)       Why did the writer need a job?

m)  Why did the writer start working in the fields?

n)    Why was working in summer difficult?

 

2. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false for the following statements:

a)     He liked to work in a heavy rain.

b)    He tried to get a job.

c)     Mattocks are used for leveling the ploughed land.

d)    Nepalese farming is traditional.

e)     Planting rice is a fun when the co-workers are young people.

f)      Rice seedlings are planted in the curd like mud.

g)     Swampy soil is compared with curd.

h)    The difficulty of irrigation remains the same till now.

i)       The writer didn’t get the job because he was not educated.

j)       The writer liked working in the field.

k)    The writer’s parents were poor.

l)       There was not any facility of irrigation in the field.

m)  There was sufficient irrigation facility.

n)    Working in summer was a fun.

 

3. Find out the similar words from the above passage of the following words:

a)     changed

b)    cutting

c)     fortune

d)    frozen milk

e)     hard labour

f)      hot season

g)     lifted

h)    main

i)       planting

j)       poorness/mediocrity

k)    rural/pastoral life

l)       usually

m)  wet and smooth

 

4. Find the words or phrases in the poem that are opposite to the following words:

a)     bad

b)    blunt

c)     clear

d)    doubt

e)     fresh

f)      general

g)     milk

h)    moon

i)       reaping/ gather

j)       rough

k)    stick

l)       straight

m)  sufficient

n)    urban life

 

5. Rearrange the following sentences in correct order:

a)     Europe had led in the farming.

b)    The face refers to the social status.

c)     The college students do not like to work in the fields.

d)    The sweat was unnoticed due to the rain.

word	अर्थ	Similar meaning
a pair of	जोडी	couple, pair, duo, combine, link, team, fasten, join
abandon	त्याग्नु	give up, leave, forsake
ability	क्षमता	capacity, power, strength, skill
able	योग्य	capable, skillful, powerful
abruptly	झट्टै, तुरुन्तै	suddenly, unexpectedly
absence	कमि, अनुपस्थिती	lack, shortage, nonexistence, dearth, deficience, scarcity,
absorb	सोस्नु	take in , suck up
acceptable	स्वीकार्य	adoptable, admitable, accept
accessible	पुग्न सकिने	reached, entered, can be touched
according to	अनुसार	in proportion as, in accordance with
acre	एकड	an area of 4050 sq. meters
across	वारपार	cross, athwart, transversely
adjusts	अनुकुल हुन्छ	arranges, makes suitable
adopted	लागु गरेको	applied, implemented, taken and used
advanced	विकसित	Modern, develop
advancement	उन्नती	improvements, preferment
advantages	फाइदा हुन्छ	reimbursement,  benefits, profit, payback, remuneration,
advertise	विज्ञापन गर्नु	notice, inform, announce
affects	असर पार्छ	influence, produces, effects
aghast	आश्चार्य चकित	horrified, despair, stunned, amazed
aid	सहायता दिएको	help, rescue, supported, hint, assist
allergy	एलर्जीहरु	reaction, sensitivity, aversion, antipathy,
alligators	गोहीहरु	crocodiles,
allowed	अनुमति दियो	permitted
allows	अनुमति दिन्छ	permits, lets, agree to, tolerates,
alone	एक्लो	lonely, solitary
altitude	उचाई	height, high ground
always	सधै	continual, ever, often
amiss	अनर्थ	wrong, error, immoral, illegal, sinful, false, improper
among	मध्ये	one from many
ancestor	पूर्खा	forefather
anemia	कम्जोरीको अवस्था	paleness
angrily	रिसाएर	with anger
angry	रिसाउनु	furious, wrathful, regretful, filled with anger
antibacterial	जीवाणु विरोधी	against bacteria
antibodies	रोग प्रतिकारात्मक क्षमता	a kind of protein in the body,
antifungal	किटाणु विरोधी	against fungal
antiviral	भाइरस विरोधी	against virus
anxiety	चिन्ता	worry, concern, discomfort, unease, nervousness,
anxious	चिन्तित	worried, feeling fear,
appararent	स्पष्ट	clear, obvious, vivid
appeared	देखा पर्यो	Seemed, seen
appointed	नियुक्ती गर्यो	selected, employed
appointment	नियुक्ति	selection
area	इलाका	region, sector, aspect,
armed	सशस्त्र	have weapons, sharp tools,
arrival	आगमन	approach
arrive	आइपुग्नु	reach, come, approach
artificial	कृतिम	man made, unnatural, fake
as usual	सधै झै	as habitual
as well	पनि	also, too, likewise, beside, in addition to
as well as	जत्तिकै	equally, evenly, similarly, likewise, in the same way
ascended	चढ्यो	go up, fly, went up, climb,
ashamed	लज्जित	affected with shame,
aspects	पक्षहरु	views, areas, part
asthama	दमको रोग	chest disease marked by difficulty in breathing
athletes	खेलाडीहरु	player, performer, competitor, contestant, actor
attached	टासिएको	fastened, joined
attempted	प्रयास	effort, trail, endeavour, try, exertion
attention-seeking	ध्यानाकर्षण गर्ने कार्य	looking for attention
aware	सचेत	careful, alert, conscious, watchful, beware
Baby calves	वाच्छाहरु	the young of a cow or buffalo
baby sit	बच्चा रेखदेख गर्नु	baby care, look after child
back	पिठ्यु, ढाँड	rear, backside, support, hind, nether
bad omen	कुसाइत	warning of evil fortune
balance	सन्तुलन	equal, same, like, alike
balanced diet	सन्तुलित भोजन	decent food
bamboo strips	बाँसको चोयाहरु	sticks made of bamboo
bank	किनारा	river side, edge, end
bargain	मोलतोल गर्नु	agreement, discuss
barking deer	कुकुर जस्तो मृग	a kind of deer like dog
barracks	सैनिक गणहरु	camp for soldiers
bearded	दारीवाला	had beard
beating	बजाँउदै	hitting repeatedly, patting
bedsheet	तन्ना	bed cover
beef	गाईको मासु	cow's meat, stick
beginning	शुरुवात	starting point, starting
behaved	ब्यवहार ग¥यो	conducted, treated, dealt
behaviour	ब्यबहार	deal, character,
believe	विश्वास गर्नु	trust, faith,
bellow	चित्कार	loud deep noise, scream
belongs to	सम्बन्धीत हुन्छ	belong, be owned by, related to, concerned to
beloved	प्रेमिका	lover, dear
beloved	मायालु	dearly loved, affectionate, sweet heart
Beneficial	लाभदायक	having good effects, helpful/advantageous
bent	मोडेको	turned,
beside	छेउ	next to, side, edge
besides	अतिरिक्त	apart from, in addition, edcept, additional
betel	पान	a kind of dessert
beware	सावधान हुनु	be careful, be alert, watchful
bills	तिर्नु पर्ने विलहरु	check, bill , slip
Biological	जैविक रुपमा	related with science of life and living things
blank	रित्तो	empty, vacant, gap, devoid, destitute
blanket	कम्वल	woolen covering
bled	रगत बगायो	dropped blood
blessing	आशीर्वाद	praying, wishing, well wishing
blind	अन्धो	sightless,
Blissfully	खुशी साथ	happily/extremely happy/cheerfully/pleasantly/delightfully.
Bloodstream	रक्त नलि	steady flow of blood/the blood circulation in body
bloomed	फक्रियो	flowered, bore flower
blowing	हावा चलिरहेको	flowing air
blown	बहेको	blow, puff, waft, gust,
blue bulls	साँडेहरु	uncastrated male animals
board	समिती	council, group, committee
bolster	समर्थन गर्नु	strengthen, boost up, support, hint
boring	दिक्क लाग्दो	bothered, tedious, uninteresting , tiring
bother	दिक्क लगाँउनु	annoy, trouble, vex, irritate
Braille	अन्धाको लागी अक्षर	letter for blind
braked	ब्रेक लगायो	stopped, jammed,
Brand	कम्पनी, लोगो	trade mark/type of product made by particular company
breach	उलंघन	breaking of rules
break	तोड्नु	destroy, mar, spoil
Breastfed	स्तनपान	milk feeding from breakfast
bright	चम्किलो	shining, dazzling, glimmering
broadcasts	प्रशारण	transmission by radio or television
broken into	फुटालेर पस्नु	entered forcely
brought up	हुर्काएको	fed and educated, grew up, raised
bruises	घाँउ	wounds, scratches, injuries
buckets	बाल्टिन	pails, baskets
build	बनाँउनु	make, create, manufacture, construct
bullock	गोरुहरु	bulls, oxen, big calves
bullock cart	गोरु गाडा	cart,
bungalow	एक तल्ले घर	one storey home in village
buried	गाडिएका	put under ground, covered,
burst into	पड्कियो	exploded, broke
bustling	कोलाहल पूर्ण	busy, hurried, noisy, tumultuous
cage	खोर, पिँजडा	enclosure,
calculating	गणना गर्ने	scheming, manipulative, devious, shrewd, designing
called to	भन्यो	told, ordered, added, said
calmed down	शान्त	quiet, still
calories	क्यालोरिज	units of energy supplied by food
calories	खानाको शक्ति नाप्ने एकाइ	energy supplied by food
camping	शिविर मा बस्नु	living in tents
can	बट्टाहरु	metal container for liquids or meat, fish, fruit etc.
cancer	अर्बुद रोग	disease which eats away body
canopy	चँदुवा, छाँया	overhead covering, over hanging, umbrella
cans	भाँडा कुडा	pots, metal container for liquids
capable	योग्य	able, skillful, competent, apt
care	हेरविचार गर्नु	worry, look after, pay attention
career	पेशा	future, occupation
caretaker	हेरचाह गर्ने मानिस	watchman, guards
carry	बोक्नु	take, bear, hold, lug, transmit, transfer, pass on, relay, convey
carrying	बोक्दै	holding
castle	महल, किल्ला	large building of king
cataracts	मोतिविन्दु	an opaque condition of the lense of the eye
catastrophe	दुर्घटना, प्रकोप	misfortune, disaster
caused	कारण बन्यो, गरायो	made, happened, occured
celebrated	मनाएको	observed,
century	शताब्दी	hundred year's period
cereals	गेडा गुडिहरु	lentils grains
ceremony	समारोह	occasion, special act, celebration
certificates	प्रमाण पत्र	documents, testimonials, portfolio
chance	अवसर	opportunity, eve, occasion
change	परिबर्तन गर्नु	vary, transform, alter, replace
chemical	रसायनिक	related to chemical
childhood	बाल्यकाल	infancy period
chital	पाटे मृग	white spotted deer
cholera	हैजा, महामारी	disease of vomiting and diarrhoea
choosen	छानेको	selected, prefered , opted
chosen	छानिएको	selected,
circle	वृत	round, sphere
circular	गोलाकार	round, sphere
circumstances	परिस्थितिहरु	situations, conditions
claim	दावि गर्नु	demand,
classroom	कक्षाकोठा	study room in school
clay	माटो	soil, earth,
cleared	फडानी ग¥यो	cleaned, cut down, deforestation
clicking	थिच्दै	pushing
climate	हावा पानी	weather conditions , conditions of temperature
clinic	औषधालय	health post, medical institute
closer	भन्दा नजिक	nearer
clung	झुण्डियो	hanged, stuck, held tight together
co operation	सहयोग	help, co ordination, collaboration
co workers	सहकर्मीहरु	collegues
coats	बचाँउछ	covers with a coat or layer, clothes, saves, protects
comfort	सान्त्वना दिनु	console, sympathise
comfortable	आनन्ददायक	at ease, relaxing, pleasant,
comforted	आराम दिएको	relieved from pain or disease/relaxed
command	आदेश दिनु	order, regulate, direct, instruct, tell, bid, charge
commercial	ब्यापारिक	trade, business
common	सामान्य	ordinary, normal, minor
community	समुदाय	society,
compelled	वाध्य पा¥यो	forced, oblidged
compete	प्रतिस्पर्धा	rival, do competition
complain	उजुरी गर्नु	show grievances
complete	पूर्ण	entire, perfect, absolute, whole, aall, quite
complex	मिश्रित , जटिल	complicated,
complex	जटिल	difficult,
concentration	मिश्रण	mixture, amount of one substance mixed with another
concept	सोच	idea, thought
concerned	चिन्तित	ralated, anxious, worried
concrete	ठोस	solid, rigid
condition	अवस्था	circumstance, situation
confined	सीमित गरिएको	limited, suppressed, imprisoned
conflict	द्वन्द	difference, arguement, disagreement
conflict	युद्व	fight, strugle, quarrel, classh, combat
confused	अल्मलिएको	perplexed, dilemma
connected	जोड्यो	linked, joined, related
consequently	परिणाम स्वरुप	as a result
conservation	संरक्षण	preservation, waste, protection
conservationist	संरक्षकबादी	protector, supporter
conserve	संरक्षण गरिएको	preserve, care, look after, safe
consider	विचार गर्नु	think of , think,
considerably	उल्लेखनिय रुपले	remarkably
considered	सोच्यो	thought, broodedover
conspicuously	स्पष्ट देखिने गरेर	noticeably, clearly visible
constantly	निरन्तर	continuously, frequently
constipation	दिशा नहुने रोग	difficulty in emptying in the bowels
consulted	सम्पर्क ग¥यो	took opinion of, contacted
contact	सम्पर्क गर्नु	call, keep in touch
contain	रहनु	include, keep, having
contains	ओगट्छ, रहनु	have or hold within itself/keep under control/within limits
convince	विश्वास दिलाउनु	make believe
coordinator	संयोजक	manager, director, planner, controller, arranger
cords	डोरीहरु	ropes, thick strings
corresponding	सम्वन्धित	related,
couch	गद्दी, बस्ने ठाँउ	seat, sofa, furniture
course	पाठ्यक्रम, पाठ्यभार, मार्ग	syllabus, subject, way of study, direction, way, path, route
court	अदालत	courtyard, quad, square,
cow herd	गोठालो	shephard
CPU	केन्द्रिय प्रशोधन एकाइ	central processing unit, hard disk, brain of the computer
cranes	सारस	large wading bird
crazy	मुर्ख	foolish, mad, lunatic, insane
created	रचना ग¥यो	made, ready, prepared
creepers	लहराहरु	climbing plants
crowd	भीड	mass, mob, throng, large gathering
crowds	भीडहरु	gathering, mass of people
cultural	सांस्कृतिक
culture	संस्कृति	rites, rituals, tradition
curd	दही	frozen milk, yoghurt
current	धार, बहाव	flow of water
cursed	गाली ग¥यो	blasphemed, scolded
cursing	सराप्दै	repenting, remorsing, scolding, abusing
customers	उपभोक्ताहरु	buyers, consumers
dairy	दुध डेरी	milk shop
dam	बाँध	barrage, embankment
dangerous	खतरनाक	risky, unsafe, uncertain, precarious, hazardous, perilous
dangling	झुण्डिरहेको	hanging, suspending
dashed back	फर्केर दौडियो	moved quickly/violently
data	तथ्यांक	fact, information
dawnpour	मुसलधारे बर्षा	heavy rain
dazzling	चम्किलो	bright, shining, glittering
death rate	मुत्युदर	death pace, toll rate, death ratio
decent	उचित	respectful, right, suitable
decent food	राम्रो खाना	proper food
decide	निर्णय गर्नु	resolve, make a decision, determine, conclude
decreases	घट्छ	gradual loss of diminutior or becomes shorter/smaller, or less
deep	गहिरो	profound, not shallow
deeply	गम्भिर रुपले	strongly,
definition	परिभाषा	a brief explanation,
delicate	कोमल	tender , soft, slender, dainty
dellemma	दोधार	difficult situation,
dental	दाँत सम्बन्धि	pertaining to teeth
department	विभाग	sector, faculty, section
depend on	भर पर्नु	rely on, determined by
dependent	भर पर्ने	one who relies on another
depends upon	भर पर्छ	relies on , believes in
depressed	निराश	sad, unhappy, disappointed, hoeless
deputy	सहायक	second in command, assistant, delegate, representative
designated	निर्दिष्ट, तोकिएको	marked, traced, pointed
desired	चाहाना गर्यो	wished, wanted, longed, hankered
despair	निराशा	hopelessness, loss of hope
destroyed	विनास गर्यो	wasted, ruined, destructed, demolished, broken down, put an end to, damaged
determine	अठोट गर्नु	decided , fixed, resolved
developed	विकसित	advanced, flowerished
development	विकास	progress, advancement, enhancement
device	साधन	instrument, implement, tool, utensil, quiopment
diabetes	मधुमेह	a kind of disease
diarrhoea	पखाला	too frequent emptying of bowels
different	फरक	distinct, peculiar
diminishes	ह्रास हुन्छ	becomes smaller, lessens
dios	दियोहरु	domestic lights
dipped	डुबायो	put into liquid
disappeared	लोप भयो	vanished, lost, extinct
disaster	प्रकोप	casastrophe, destruction, damge
disease	रोग	illness, sickness, ailments, physical problem
disgraceful	बेइज्जतिपुर्ण	shameful, dishonourable, degrading, ugly, awakward
dispersed	छरिएको	scattered, dispelled, diffrened
displace	सार्नु	replace, change
display	प्रदर्शन गर्नु	show, expose, demonstrate
disposed of	तह लगायो	managed, got rid of, buried,
distinct	फरक, भिन्न	separate, different, odd
disturb	बाधा पु¥याउनु	harm, upset, interfere, obstacle, hamper
disturbed	गडबड ग¥यो	given troubled, tortured, hampered
down payment	किस्तामा तिर्ने कार्य	partial payment
dowries	दाइजो	money for bride
dragging	तान्दै	pulling, moving around
dramas	नाटकहरु	stage plays
draw attention	ध्यान केन्द्रित गर्नु	take attention
drawn	तानिएको	pulled, attracted
dried	सुख्खा पारिएको	made help
drier	सुकाउने बस्तु	drying tool
drizzle	सिमसिमे झरी	shower, light rain, serein
drizzling	सिमसिमे पानी	light rain,
drop	खस्नु	fall, come down, bring down
dropped	खसाल्यो	kept down, felled
drown	डुबेको	plunge, sink,
drum	ड्रम	musical instrument
ducks	हाँसहरु	water bird
duly	उचित रुपले	properly, well-taken, taken properly
dumb	लाटो	speechless
duplicated	नक्कल गरिएको	made an edact copy,
during	अवधिमा	through out,
earn	कमाउनु	earn money
ecosystem	पर्यावरण	surrounding, environment,
effect	असर	result, outcome, consequence
effectively	प्रभावकारी रुपले	powerful effect, consequently
effects	प्रभाव हरु	results, outcomes, consequences
else	अरु थोक	other things, another
emotional	भावनाहरु	feeling of excitement
emotions	भावनाहरु	feelings,
encouraged	प्रोत्साहन ग¥यो	gave support, motivated
endangered	खतरामा परेको	put in danger, cause danger, in danger of,  no longer exist
energy	शक्ति	power, strength, force, might
enjoyed	आनन्द लियो	got pleasure, amused, entertained
enormous	विशाल	immense, very great, huge, extremely large
enough	प्रशस्त	sufficient, ample, more than needed
ensure	ढुक्क हुनु	make sure, became certain
ensured	निश्चित गर्यो	made sure, confirmed
entered	भित्र गयो	went, came in , admitted
entertaining	मनोरञ्जन दिदै	amusing , joyful
entire	सम्पूर्ण	whole, all, total
entirely	पुरै	completely, absolutely, quitely, wholy
entrance	प्रवेश	enter, entry
entrepreneurs	उद्यमी	industrialists,
enzyms	पचाउन मद्दत गर्ने तत्व	digesting elements
equipped	सुसज्जित	decorated, adored
established	स्थापना गर्यो	set up, started, built up
events	घट्नाहरु	happenings, incidents, occurrences
eventually	अन्तमा	finally, , ultimately
evidence	प्रमाण	proof, facts
examined	जाच्यो	checked, tested
excellent	अति उत्तम	very good, extra ordinary
except	बाहेक	apart from, besides, in addition to
exchange rate	विनिमय दर	rate in giving and taking
excited	उत्तेजित	very interested, eager
excluded	निकालेको	left out,
exclussion	निष्काशन	taking out, being excluded
existence	अस्तित्व	continued being, life
exists	रहन्छ	lives, remains , presents,
expectations	आसाहरु	hopes, wishes, anticipation
expensive	महंगो	costly, not cheap
experience	अनुभव	feel, observe
exposed	असुरक्षित भएको	lay open, unsafe
exposed	देखायो	left uncovered, displayed, disclose
expressively	खुलस्त रुपमा	fluently, non stopping
expulsion	निष्काशन	expelling, sending out, rusticate
extinction	लोप	dying out, disappearing
eyebrows	आँखी भौ	lined hair above the eye
eyeing	हेराइ	seeing, gazing,
facilities	सुविधाहरु	aids, conveniences
faded	ओइलायो	withered, dried
fair	मेला, पक्षपात रहित	market, occasional market, impartial, good
farmhand	खेताला	farm worker , farmer, peasant
fat content	चिल्लो पदार्थको मात्रा	fat substance
fate	भाग्य	luck, fortune, destiny
fault	दोष	mistake, defect, flaw, guilt, blunder
favour	पक्ष लिनु	support, advocate, plead
feathers	प्वाँखहरु	fur, plumes, wings
feed	खुवाउनु	give food, give to eat, nourish
feel	महसुस गर्नु	learn about, explore,
ferment	सडाउनु	under chemical changes,
fertile	उर्वरा	productive
fine	जरिवाना	penalty, punishment
fine	उत्तम	high quality, very well, excellent
fire alarm	आगलागी सुचक	fire warning equipment
fire extinguishers	आगो निभाउने यन्त्र	fire put out equipment
fit	ठिक हुनु	suit, adjust, proper, appropriate
flashed	जाग्यो	sudden bright light, evoked power
flattened	चेप्टो	made flat
flavour	स्वाद	taste, relish, savour
flora and fauna	वनस्पती र जीव	plant and animal life
flushed	लजायो	became red, felt shy, blushed
fly catcher	चरा को नाम	a kind of bird
follow	पछ्याँउनु	pursue, go after
fooled	मुर्ख बनायो	cheated, deceived
for a while	केहि छिन	for sometime, for a moment
forbidden	निषेध गरिएको	prohibited, prevented, restricted
forehead	निधार	front part of the head
foreign	विदेश	abroad, overseas, another country
forget	विर्सनु	don't remember
form	बनाउनु	give shape, make, build, create
formation	निर्माण	construction, creation, building
fortune telling	भविष्यवाणी गर्दै	foretelling
fowl	चरा को नाम	a kind of bird
frantically	अत्तालिएर	impatiently, wildly, hurriedly, madly, crazily, excitedly
freeze	जम्नु	become stable, remain still, become stable
frequent	बारम्वार	repeatedly, often happening,
frightened	डराएको	scared, feared, afraid
full moon	पूर्णिमा	whole moon
fully	पूर्ण रुपले	completely
fun	ठट्टा	pleasure, playful, amusement, joke, mockery
function	काम गर्नु	work, action, performance
gained	प्राप्त ग¥यो	obtained, earned, got, achieved,
gaint hornbill	धनुष, चरा को नाम	a kind of bird
gangway	कोलिया	passage between the seat
gasping	लामो श्वास फेर्दै	puffed, out of breath
gastroenteritis	ग्यास्टिक	a kind of disease
gathered	भेला भयो	collected, came together
gave up	त्याग्यो	left, abandoned, relinquished
general assembly	साधारण सभा	a body of the UNO
generation	पूस्ता	age group, production, ancestry
generous	उदार	kind, liberal, open handed
gentleman	भलाद्मी	noble person, prestigious person
germs	जीवाणु	rudimentary of animal
gestured	इशारा ग¥यो	motioned, pointed, indicated, showed
get mad	बौलाउनु	become angry
get ready	तयार हुनु	prepare,
ghost	भूत	spirit, spectre, apparttion
give off	छाड्नु	send out, give up
glad	खुशी	cheerful, happy, pleasant
glasses	चश्मा	spectacles, goggles
gorilla	गोरिल्ला	ape, a kind of monkey
gourds	लौकाहरु	climbing plants
governor	गभर्नर	a ruler
grabbed	समात्यो	caught, snatched, took, held
graded	स्तर छुट्याउनु	divided, arranged in order, keep properly
gradually	क्रमश	progressively, slowly and steadly
grains	गेडागुडीहरु	lentils,
granaries	भकारीहरु	store house for grain
gratefulness	कृतज्ञता	gratitude, thankfulness
grew weak	कम्जोर भयो	became weak, caused infirmity
grille	फलामको डण्डी	rod, iron bar
grumble	रिसले भुत्भुताउनु	grumbling, murmuring, complain,
grumbling	विरोध गर्दै	complaining, protesting,
guests	पाहुनाहरु	visitors
habit	बानी	usual behaviour
hafts	चक्कुको विड	handles of tools
hailstones	असिना	frozen rain, balls of ice
hailstorm	असिना बर्षनु	storm of frozen rain
halted	रोक्यो	stopped, stayed, paused
hand held	हातले चलाँउने	hand device
handed	दियो	gave, passed, bestowed
happened	घट्यो	occured, took place
happens	घट्छ	occurs, takes place
hardened	कडा बनायो	stiffened, hard, solid
hardly	मुस्किलले	rarely, with difficulty, almost not
hardships	कठिनाइहरु	obstacles, hurdles, troubles, suffering
hardware	कम्प्यूटरका भाग	parts of the computer
harmones	जिवित प्राणीलाइ बढ्न मद्दत गर्ने तत्व	tissues that help for growing
harrows	दाँदेहरु	flattened log
harvest	बालि भित्राँउनु	cutting and gathering grain
hates	घृणा गर्छ	shuns, dislikes, abhores,
hating	घृणा गर्दै	disliking, feeling abhorrence
hazard	खतरा	risk, danger, stake, peril
headquarter	सदरमुकाम	administrative division, control center, main office,
heard	सुन्यो	listened, knew, acknowledged
heartrending	हृदय विदारक	great sadness
heavily	जोड्ले	toughly, heavy way,
held	सञ्चालन भएको	celebrated
herons	वकुल्लाहरु	long legged water bird
hidden	लुकेको	covered, out of sight, kept out of sight
high cholestrol	रगतमा बोसोको मात्रा बढेर हुने रोग	a kind of disease
high ground	अग्लो भूमि	step, slop, downy, mountain land, elevated land
higher studies	उच्च शिक्षा	further studies
highway	राजमार्ग	main road
hillside	पहाडी भेग तर्फ	slopping side of mountain
hog deer	सुङगुर जस्तो मृग	a kind of animal
holding	समातेर	catching,
holding	समात्दै	catching, containing,
hole	प्वाल	hollow place, gap, tunnel
holidays	विदाका दिनहरु	rest period, vacation, leave days, days off
horoscoe	राशीफल
hostel	छात्रवास	boarding , lodging house
hotly	तातो हुदै	with heat, fervently, ardently
household	घरेलु	domestic, homely, family circle
however	तथापी, जे होस	nevertheless, in whatever way
howling	सुस्साँउदै	loud sound of wind
hugs	अङगालो हाल्नु	embraces,
human being	मानव जाति	mankind
hurt	चोट पुर्याँउनु	wounded, injured, bruised
illness	रोग	disease, sickness, aliment
imagine	कल्पना गर्नु	think, suppose
immature	अपरिपक्व	not yet full, raw
immediately	तत्कालै	soon, quickly, shortly, at once, instantly
immobile	अचल, स्थिर	motionless, still
immunoglobulin	रोग सँग लड्ने तत्व	a protein that acts like antibody
impatient	अधैर्य	showing a lack of patience
implement	लागु गर्नु	apply, put into effect
improving	सुधार गर्दै	making better
impulse	झुकाव, जोश	emotion, feeling , sudden act
in a row	पंक्तिवद्ध	queue, line, colonnade
in contrast	यसको विरुद्धमा	difference, distinctive
in later life	जीवनको अन्ततिर	in dotage, in ending stage
in stead of	सट्टामा	stead, in place of
inaugurating	उद्घाटन गर्दै	open, begin, commence, initiate
incidence	घट्ना	occurrence, frequency,
include	समावेस गर्नु	comprise as a part of whole, mix, bring in, reckon
increase	बढाउनु	promote, add, enhance, advance
independent	निर्भर	free, no depending on other
indigestion	अपच	digestive disorders, dyspepsia, heartburn, acid stomach
indiscriminately	लापरवाही रुपले	without care, carelessly
individual	ब्यक्ति	personal, single, one person
infants	शिशुहरु	children, baby
infection	घाँउ हुनु, संक्रमण हुनु	illness,
infirmity	कम्जोरी	weakness, physical, mental weakness
influenced	प्रभावित भएको	affected, impressed
information	जानकारी	news, notice, acknowledgement
information	जानकारी	news , notice
innocent	निर्दोष	faultless,
innocent	निर्दोष	harmless, faultless, morally good
insertion	घुसाँउनु	put inside
institure	संस्था	society, organization
institute	संस्था	institution, organization, firm, union
integral	पूर्ण, अभिन्न	whole, complete, inseparable
integrated	गाँसिएको	combined into a whole, linked together
intelligence	बुद्वि	cleverness, wisdom
intently	उदेश्यले	eagerly, carefully, with great desire and intention
interesting	चाख लाग्दो	concerning, attractive, likeable
intervened	हस्तक्षेप गर्यो	interfered, stopped
interview	अन्र्तवार्ता	oral test, oral exam
intestinal	आन्द्रा सम्वन्धि	related to intestine
invaded	आक्रमण गर्यो	attacked, entered forcibly
invalid	अशक्त	sick , ill, weak, injury
involvement	संलग्नता	attachment, participation, joining, appearance
IQ	बौदिक परिक्षा	intelligence Quotient
iron heads	घन, डल्लेठो	farming tool
irrigation	सिचाँइ	watering, water supply
irrigation	सिँचाइ	supplying water
ivory	हात्तीको दात	tusks
jealousy	इष्र्या	envy, malice, malignity
jolting	हल्लिने काम	jerking, move continuously
jostled	कोचिएर छिर्यो	pushed and entered, pushed roughly
keep an eye on	ख्याल राख्नु	pay attention, look after, take care of
keep away	टाढा राख्नु	separate, detach, take apart
keep quiet	शान्त राख्नु	calm, peaceful, silence
keep the rules	नियम पालन गर्नु	follow the rules
keep up with	कायम राख्नु	go on, continueing,
kept low	कम गर्नु	made low
kept on	जारि राख्यो	continued, went on, progressed
keyboard	अक्षर वाला भाग	board having keys
kid	बच्चा	child, baby, lad, small boy
kids	बच्चाहरु	children, babies, youngness, lads, boys,
kind	दयालु	friendly, pitiful, thoughtful
kindness	दया	pity, sympathy, mercy, feel sorry for,
knee	घुँडा	body part
knob	गोली गाँठो	small hard lump
knocked	दस्तक	patting, hitting, tapped
label	छाप	tag, logo, sticker,
lack	अभाव	shortage, not sufficient
lady	महिला	female, respectable woman
laid claim	दावि गर्नु	demanded, asserted,
landed	खस्यो	dropped, brought down, reached down, alighted
landlocked	भुपरिवेण्ठित	surrounded by land,
landslides	पहिरो	rocks down, soil slid,
langur	एक प्रकारको वाँदर	a long tail monkey
lauded	प्रशंसा ग¥यो	praised, glorified, extoled, admired
laughter	हाँसो	smile, grin
launch	सुरु गर्नु	start on , begin, comence
lay	राख्नु	put, keep, contain
lay in store	जम्मा गर्र्नु	received, got
lead	डोर्याँउनु	guide, walk ahead
lean	अडेस लाग्नु	taking support
leave	छोड्नु	abandon, give up, forego,relinquish
left them with	वाँकि रहेको	remained with them
leftovers	जुठोहरु	uneaten food, remaining food, unfinished food
legal	कानूनी	lawful
leisurely	आनन्दले	unhurriedly, without haste, no hurry
lend	उधारो दिनु	grant, borrow, loan
let	अनुमति दिनु	allow, permit, grant, approve
liar	फटाहा	fraud, cheater
license	अनुमति दिनु	permission
lifted	उचाल्यो	raised, took up, hoisted
linked	जोडेको	connected, joined
logs	मुडाहरु	stem, trunk
long life	दीर्घायु	longevity, durability
look	देखिनु, हेर्नु	seem, see, watch, stare, glance
look around	वरिपरि हेर्नु	see around,
look forward to	प्रतिक्षा गर्नु	expect, wait
looked for	खोज्यो	searched for, sought,
loot	चोरीको समान	stolen things
lose	गुमाउनु	miss, disappear, perish, deprive,  be deprived of
loud noise	ठुलो आवाज	lot of noise
luckily	भाग्यवंश	fortunately
lucky	भाग्यमानी	fortunate
luently	धारा प्रवाह रुपमा	without stopping, without any hesitation
lying	पल्टिरहेको	stretch out, lie down, loll, rest,
mad	पागल	crazy, silly, stupid, fond of,
maintains	ब्यवस्था गर्छ	manages, carries on, keeps up
maiti	माइती	mother's home
malaaria	औलो	fever by mosquitoes
mammal	स्तनधारी	breast fed creatures
management	ब्यवस्थापन	administration
man-eating	मान्छे खाने	flesh eating, tiger, lion
manipulate	काम गर्नु	handle, operate,
manufacturers	उत्पादक	producer
marariage	विवाह	wed, marry, conjugal life
matter	बस्तु, विषय	subject, theme, context
mattock	कोदालो, फरुवा	farming tool
mean	स्वार्थी, निर्दयी, अर्थ हुनु	selfish, unkind, wicked, rougue
meet	जम्का भेट	encounter, see, contact
memory	स्मरण	store information, capacity
meningitis	मस्तिष्क ज्वरो
mental	मानसिक	of the mind, related to mind
mentally retarded	मानसिक रोगी	half mind, abnormal, underdeveloped
mention	उल्लेख गर्नु	describe
merely	मात्रै	only, alone, lonely , solely, exclusively, simply
mess	गञ्जागोल	disorder, confusion, destroys, trouble
middle-aged	अधवैशे	adult
militafry	सैनिक	army, soldier, armed-force
milling	यताउता कुदिरहेको	moving about in a confused way, running here and there
mimics	नक्कल गर्नु	imitates, pretends
minerals	खनिज पदार्थ,	inorganic substance
minor	सामान्य	simple, small, general, ordinary
mistake	गल्ति	fault, error, something wrong, guilt, flaw
misunderstanding	गलत बुझाइ	confusion,
modern	आधुनिक	new, recent, advance,
moment	क्षण	instant, short moment
money lender	ब्याजमा पैसा दिने वाला	lend money in interest
monitor	पर्दा	screen, tv, visual display unit
monsoon	वर्षा ऋतु	rainy season
morning prayer	विहानको प्रार्थना	morning songs
mortgaging	बन्दक राखेर	security for loan, pledging
motion	गति	speed, repidity, movement, quickness
motioned	बोलायो	gave a signal, called, indicated, gestured
mouse	माउस	hand held device
move with times	समय सँग बदल्नु	change with time
mud	हिलो माटो	moist earth, mire
muddy	हिलोयुक्त	marshy, soft soil, wet soil, swampy, caked with mud,
muscles	मांसपेशीहरु	tissues of body
naach	नाच	dance,
natural	प्राकृतिक	normal,
nearly	झण्डै	about, almost
necessary	आवस्यक	compulsory, needful, essential
needed	आवश्यक्ता भएको	required, wanted, necessary
needless to say	भनि रहनु नपर्ने कुरा	not necessary to say
neglected	वेवास्ता गर्यो	ignored, not cared
nervous	आँत्तिएको	afraid, anxious, timid, bored
neuro development	स्नायुको विकास	growth of nervous system
noble	उत्कृष्ट	excellent, high class
nonsense	वाहियात	rubbish, silly conduct
noticed	देख्यो	saw, observed, watched
nurse	उपचारिका	carer
nurses	चुस्छ	sucks, suckles
nutrients	पौष्टिक पदार्थहरु	serving as noursihment
nutritional	पौष्टिक आहार	having high value as food
nutritionist	पोषण सम्वन्धी विशेषज्ञ	dietician, an expert on food
object	बस्तु	things, substance, material
objected	विरोध गर्यो	opposed, protested, resisted, rejected
observing	अवलोकन गर्दै	searching, looking, watching, seeking
obtained	प्राप्त ग¥यो	got, recieved, acquired, secured
obviously	स्पष्ट रुपले	clearly, plainly, vividly,
occasion	समारोह, अवसर	opportunity, chance, eve,
occupies	ओगट्छ	fills the space, lies, locates, takes up space
of course	निश्चय नै	really, infact, actually
offence	अपराध	crime, illegal act, sin
officially	आधिकारीक रुपमा	an official manner
old fashioned	पुरानो शैली	out dated, antique
omen	साइत	future sign
opening ceremony	उद्घाटन समारोह	inaugurating occassion
operate	शल्यक्रिया	cut down for tdreatment
opposite	विपरित	in front of, facing to,
organ	अंग	human body parts
organisms	साना जीवित तत्वहरु	living tisues
organization	संगठन	institution, foundation,
original	सक्कल	real, actual, natural, innate, primitive
ornament	गहना	jewellery,
otherwise	अन्यथा	lest, else, or
outcry	जोडले कराएको	loud cry, yell, scream
outdoors	बाहिर पट्टि	outside,
outing	भ्रमण	tour, trip, travel
over	समाप्त, माथि	finish, completed, ended, on , above
overcome	परास्त गर्नु	conquer, win, beat
owe	ऋणी हुनु	be obliged, be indebted
owned	आफ्नो पा¥यो	possesessed, have, having
pace	चाल, गती	speed, motion, walking movement
pains	पिडाहरु	suffering, distressing, unpleasant situation
palm civet	विरालो जस्तो जनावर	a kind of animal
paralysed	पक्षघात भएको	affected
parasite	परजीवि	insects, crops destroyer
park	गाडि रोक्ने ठाँउ	stand vehicles
participate	सहभागी हुनु	take part, join
particularly	विशेष गरेर	especially
pas time	सौखिन	time pass, entertained,
pass on	पुर्याँउदै	give, handover,
passengers	यात्रुहरु	travellers, tourists
passes away	मर्छ	dies, cease, kicks the bucket
passively	निश्कृय रुपमा	not active
patches	भाग, टुक्रा	small parts, surface
patient	धैर्य	have patience,
patients	विरामीहरु	sick people, ill, weak
pause	रोकिनु	stop, rest, break
pavements	गल्लि, फुटपाथ	footpath, lane
peafowl	मयूर जस्तो चरा	a kind of bird
perfectly	पूर्ण रुपले	completely, absolutely, exactly
perform	कार्य गर्नु	work, do, complete task
performance	कार्य सम्पादन	presentation, do work, do task
perhaps	शायद	probably, may be, likely, possibly
permission	अनुमति	decree, consent, permit, allow
pessimistic	निराशाजनक	gloomy, distrustful, cynical
photocopy	फोटोकापि	copy, reproduce, make a copy of
physical	शारीरिक	bodily, material,
pick	टिप्नु	pluck, take up, pull away
pickpockets	पकेटमारहरु	thieves, thugs,
pitch dark	अन्धकार	dark completely,
placed	राख्यो	kept, put, set, arranged
places	राख्छ	puts, keeps, holds
plank	तख्ता, फल्याक	long flat piece of timber, piece of plywood
played	बजायो	performed musical instrument
plea	आग्रह	urgent request, request,
plight	दुःख, दशा	difficult situation, bad condition
plot	जमिन	land, area
plough	हलो, जोत्नु	ploughing tool, preparing field, farming tool
plumber	पाइपको काम्दार	pipes' worker
plunged	डुबेको	changed, sank, drown,
plunged into	डुब्नु (नसामा)	immersed, dipped, set, sink, drown
pointer	देखाउने बस्तु	indicator, arrow
pointing	तेर्साउदै	showing
pollution	प्रदुषण	dirtiness, dirt, filth
poluted	प्रदुषित	made dirty
pooled	संकलन गर्यो	collected, stored
poor	विचारा, कम्जोर	helpless,
poor health	खराव स्वास्थ्य	bad health, weak health
pork	वङगुरको मासु	pig's meat
portable	बोक्न मिल्ने	carryable, movable, carried easily
possess	आफु सँग हुनु	own, hold as property
potted plant	गमला	flower pot
poverty	गरीवि	poorness, lack of poverty, state of poorness
prayed	प्रार्थना गर्यो	worshipped, beseeched, entreated, begged
preference	प्राथमिकता	liking
premature	समय नपुगी जन्मेको	untimely, too early
presence	उपस्थिती	attendance,
presentation	प्रस्तुती	demonstrate
press statement	प्रेस विज्ञप्ती	news announcement
pretending	बाहाना पार्दै	acting, excusing, playing
pretty	एकदमै	quite, fairly, nearly
pretty sure	निश्चित रुपले	certainly, quite certain
preventing	रोक्दै	hindering, obstructing, prohibiting
primate	मानव जस्तै जनावर	ape, a member of a mammal
primitive	प्राचिन, प्रारम्भिक	old, antique, ancient
printed	छापिएको	published, produced
private	निजि	personal, individual, own
probably	सायद	perhaps, likely to happen, maybe
problem	समस्या	trouble, doubtful,
processing	प्रक्रिया	gradual progress, method, system
produce	उत्पादन गर्नु	grow
product	उत्पादन	yield, harvest
professional	ब्यवसायीक	related to profession
programme	कार्यक्रम	schedule, agenda, set of work
programmes	कार्यक्रमहरु	agendas, plans,
prohibited	निषेध गर्यो	forbidden, prevented, stopped
prohibits	निषेध गर्छ	forbids, prevents, not allows
prolonged	लम्बिएको	lasted for long, extended, lengthened
promised	बाचा गर्यो	give word, assured
promote	बढाँउनु	increase, advance, encourage
proncipal rate	मुल्य दर	main rate
proovided	उपलब्ध गरायो	supplied, gave, offered, made available
prop	विग्रन बाट रोक्नु,	help, sustain, hold up
prosperous	सम्पन्न	rich, wealthy
protect	बचाँउनु, संरक्षण गर्नु	keep safe, defend, guard, patronize, conserve, prevent
protected	रक्षा गरिएको	kept safe, guarded
protein	प्रोटिन	body building substance
provide	उपलब्ध गराउनु	give, supply, make available
provoking	जिस्क्याउदै	annoying, teasing, mocking
public	सार्बजनिक	not private
pulmonary	फोक्सो सम्वन्धी रोग	of the lungs
punish	सजाय दिनु	sentence, chastise
purohitas	पुरोहितहरु, पूजारीहरु	priests, fathers, saints,
purpose	उदेश्य	aim, goal, objective
pushing	धकल्दै	scratching, pressing,
pyramid	त्रिकोणात्मक	triangle
quality	गुण, विशेषता	attribute, high degree, merit, ability
quarreled	झगडा गर्यो	argued, angrily, fought,  had a debate
queue	पङक्ती, लाइन	line, row
quiet	शान्त	tranquil, calm, silence
racing	दाैड लगायो	moved up at full speed
raise	उठाँउनु	bring up, move higher, stand up, move ahead, lift up, elevate
raised	उठायो	lifted, put up
raised eyebrows	आश्चार्य मान्यो	expressed surprise
rapid	तीव्र	quick, swift, fast, speedy, hasty, hurried, brisk
rather than	भन्दा बढी	more than
raw	कच्चा	uncooked, unfinished, unripe, untrainded , not cooked
realise	महसुस गर्नु	understand, feel, accept, admit
reaping	कटाइ	cutting, harvesting
reasons	कारणहरु	causes
receives	प्राप्त गर्छ	accepts, takes, gets, obtains, acquires
reckoned	विचार गर्यो	thought, counted,
recognize	पहिचान गर्नु	know, identify, understand, get
rectangular	आयत आकारको	oblong,
recycle	पुन प्रयोग गर्नु	use again,
reduce	न्यूनीकरण गर्नु	subtract, lessen, makeless, diminish
refer	जनाउनु	denote, indicate, full form
reflect	प्रतिविम्वीत हुनु	send back light, show
reforms	सुधारहरु	improvement, progress, amendment
refused	अस्विकार गर्यो	rejected, opposed, denied, neglected, not accepted
regarded	विचार गर्यो	thought, considered
region	क्षेत्र	area, zone, aspect, locality, site
regulations	नियमहरु	rules, laws
rehabilitation	पुःन स्थापना गर्नु	reinstatement, restarting
relationship	सम्बन्ध	alliance, affinity, relation, kinship, connection
rely on	भर पर्नु	depend on,
remarks	आलोचनाहरु	comments, statements
remember	सम्झनु	recall, keep in memory
rented	भाडामा लिएको	hired
repeatedly	पुनरावृत्तिले	frequently, again and again
replaced	प्रतिस्थापन गर्यो	changed, removed, moved
report	प्रतिवेदन	give news, message, account of statement
reprimand	हप्काउनु	rebuke, criticize, scold, chide
requiired	चाहेको	needed, wanted
reserve	आरक्ष	an animal park, protected area
reservoir	जलासय	lake, pond, water stored
resident	वासिन्दा	inhabitant, dweller,
residents	छात्रावास	hostel,
resources	स्रोतहरु	property, funds, assets
respectful	आदरणीय	respected
respiratory	श्वासप्रश्वास सम्वन्धी	concernign with breath
restaurateur	रेस्टुरेन्ट ब्यवसायी	restaurant owner
result	नतिजा	effect, output, consequence
resulted	परिणाम भएको	happened,
resume	पुःन सुरु गर्नु	take up again, restart
rises	उठ्छ	gets up, stands
ritual	रितिथीति, संस्कार	religious rites
rubbish	फोहोर	waste material, dirt, useless thing
rude	अभद्र	impolite, savage, wicked, rogue
rules	नियम	orders, standards, regulations
run out	सकिनु	finish, end
rural	ग्रामिण	country side, village area, under developing site
rural life	गाँउले जीवन	village life
rush	भीड	crowd, throng
rushed	दौडियो	ran , hurried
sack	बोरा	big jute bag,
safe	बक्सा	box, suitcase, locker
sambar	मृग, ठुलो हरिण	big deer
sanitation	सरसफाइ	hygiene,
sank	डुब्यो	went down, plunged, drown
sank down	डुब्यो, शरीर लुलो भयो	sat abruptly,
save	सुरक्षित, बचाँउनु	protect,
save face	इज्जत जोगाउनु	preserve reputation
saved	बचाएको	protected, conserved
savior	बचाउने वाला	rescuer
scholarship	छात्रवृत्ति	free ship
scorching sun	पोल्ने घाम	burning , very hot
score	प्राप्त गर्नु	get, obtain, recieve,
scratched	कोतार्यो	marked
screen	सिसा, पर्दा	displaying object
scribbles	नराम्रो लेखाइ, केरकार	careless writing,
secure	सुरक्षित	safe
security	सुरक्षा	safety, free from danger
seedlings	नरम विरुवाहरु	tender plants
seemed	जस्तो लाग्यो	appeared, seen
seemingly	स्पष्ट रुपले	appears to be true
select	छान्नु	choose, prefer, opt, pick
selective	छानिएको	choosy, choosen, opted
senses	चेतनाहरु	awareness, consciousness
sensibly	अर्थपूर्णरुपले	meaningful
separately	छुट्टै	alone, differently, distinctly, individually
serious looking	गम्भीर रुपले	seriously,
serving	कार्य गर्दै	working for, performing duties,
set out	प्रस्थान गर्नु	go, start journey
set up	स्थापना गर्नु	build, establish, found
sets	समूहहरु	groups, gangs, lists, series
settle	तिरेको	paid, managed,
several	धेरै	many, various, plenty of, more
share	बाँड्नु	partake, exchange
sharp angle	तिखो कोण	pointed angle
shifted	सार्यो, लग्यो	changed, moved, displaced
shocking	चिन्ताजनक	wrong, foul, disgusting
shoulder	काँध	body parts
shouting	चिच्याँउदै	loud voice, crying, outcrying, roaring
showed	देखायो	pointed, indicated , motioned, signaled
shrewdly	सुक्ष्म रुपले	clearly, knowingly, minutely, intentionaly
shut up	चुप लाग्नु	keep quiet, be silent,
shy	लज्जालु, संकोची	blushful, timid
sickle	हँसिया	scythe, reaping hooks
similarly	उस्तै	alike
skip	छुट्नु	miss, lose, jump, leave, not eat
slip	चिप्लनु	slide, move quickly
slipped	चिप्लियो	slid, glided,
slot	प्वाल	narrow opening, narrow hole
sloth bears	कालो भालु	black bear
smooth	चिल्लो	soft, tender, delicate
so as to	जसले गर्दा	with the result that
sobbing	रुदै	crying, weeping, wailing
social studies	सामाजिक शिक्षा	study on societies
social well being	सामाजिक भलाइ	good behaviour
socialising	सामाजिकीकरण	mixing socially
sofa	सोफा	couch, comfortable seat
solitude	एक्लो	lonely, separate
sorrows	दुःखहरु	sadness, grieves
sources	श्रोतहरु	means,
sowing	विऊ छर्ने काम	planting seed
spade	कोदालो	mattock, farming tool
spattering	छ्याप्दै,	scattering drops of water
specialist	विशेषज्ञ	expert
specially	विशेष गरेर	extra ordinary, typical, particulary
species	जातिहरु	kind, sort, types, class
specific	विशिष्ट	paticularizing, peculiar, special
spell	अक्षरहरु	letters, phonemes
spend	खर्च गर्नु	afford, expend, pay money
spirit	आत्मा	soul
spiritual	अध्यात्मिक, भावनात्मक	religious,
split	आधा पार्नु	break , devide
spot lessly white	दाग रहित	purely white, very clean
squeezing	निचोर्दै,	strangling
stacked	थुपारिएको	piled up, heaped
stage	मञ्च	dais, platform
staircase	भर्याङ	steps
standards	मापदण्डहरु	measure for weights
staple	मुख्य, प्रमुख	main, chief, principal, major
staring	हेरि रहेको	gazing, observing, watching
started off	शुरु गर्यो	set out, began a journey,
state	स्थिती, अवस्था, राज्य	condition, situation, circumstance
stepped out	बाहिर आउनु	came out
stiffened	अररो भएको	immovable, became stiff
still	स्थीर, अचल	motionless, fixed, without movement, quiet,  immovable
stone grinding mill	जाँतो	quern,
stout	बलियो	strong, bold, thick,
strained	तन्कियो	pulled hard, stretched
strange	अनौठो	odd, unknown, unfamiliar, peculiar
stranger	अपरिचित	unknown, strange, peculiar, odd, new
strangle	घाँटि थिचेर	press on the throat
street	गल्लि	road, lane,
street vendor	घुमन्ते ब्यापारी	pedlar, moving seller
stress	तनाव	pressure, emphasis on, extra force
strictly	कडाइका साथ	without negligence, sternly
strides	पाइलाहरु	long steps,
strikes	हान्छ	hits, beats,
striped hyena	पाटे बाघ	a kind of animal
struck	हिर्कायो	hit, gave a blow
struggling	संघर्ष गर्दै	fighting, great effort
stuck	च्यापिएको	hanging,
stumbling	ठोकिदै	tripping, falling, hitting,
stunned	आश्चार्य चकित भएको	bewildered, shocked, surprised
stupid	मुर्ख	foolish, fool, half-wit, silly, smpleton
subtropical	समशितोष्ण	high land, cold land, snow line
successful	सफल	passed, happy, prosperous, get, success
such	यस्तो, जस्तो	of this sort
suddenly	अचानक	sudden, untimely, unexpectedly, abruptly, immediately
suffer	पीडित हुनु	feel pain
sufficient	प्रशस्त	enough, ample, lots of
suitable	सुहाँउदो	appropriate, fit, worth while
suited	उपयोगी	be convenient, right for
superintendent	निरीक्षयक वा बन्दावस्त गर्ने ब्यक्ति	manager, director
supplement	अतिरिक्त	addition, complement
supports	संरक्षण गर्छ	helps, holds, keeps in place
supposed to	मान्नु	be expected to
suppportive	सजिलो	endurable, helpful
sure	निश्चयनै	certain, fix, doubtless,
surface	सतह, धरातल	ground, plain parts
surgeon	शल्य चिकित्सक	doctor, operation specialist
surprise	अचम्म	astonishment, wonder, amagement
surprised	अचम्म पर्यो	amazed, perplexed, puzzled, aghast
surprising	आश्चार्यजनक	unexpected, amazing, wonderful
survival	जीवन	living, exist,
survive	बाच्नु	live, exist
survived on	खाएर बाचेको	lived on
suspended	झुण्डीरहेको	hanged up,
swampy	हिलोयुक्त	wet and smooth, marshy, muddy
sweat	पसिना	perspiration, moisture
swinging	झुण्डीरहेको	shaking, curving motioned
sysentery	आँउ	loose stools/bowels mixed with blood
system	प्रणाली	arranged order
take care	ख्याल राख्नु	look after, pay attention
take care of	हेरचाह गर्नु	look after, tend, watch, observe
tampering	हस्तक्षेप गर्नु	interfering, disturbing, interrupting
tapestry	बनौट	a piece of cloth woven with a design
task	काम	work, job
tears	आँसुहरु	splits
temper	रिसले खौरिनु	rage, bad humor, irritation, annoyance, bad mood,
tend	हेरचाह हुनु	watch over, to attend, look after, care
terai	तराइ	low land, plain
terraced	गर्हा भएको	stair like fields, leveled field
terrible	भयानक	horrible,
terrible	भयानक	awful, fearful, horrible
thatched roof	खर को छाना	roofed with dried straw
the key person	प्रमुख मान्छे	richest man, main person
therefore	त्यस कारणले	for that reason, so, hence, consequently
though	यद्यपी	although, eventhough, inspite of, despite, even if,
thoughtfulness	विवेकता	sensible, sane, seriousness
thread	धागो	string, filament of cotton, silk, wool, yarn
threaten	धम्की	warn, challenge, overawe, scare
three-storeyed	तिन तले	three floored, three flats
thugs	चोरहरु	cheaters, criminals, robbers, thieves, looter
thunder	गर्जनु	loud noise of cloud
tightly	कसिलो पाराले	strongly
timber	काठ	wood, stick, log
tiny	अति सानो	too small, minute things, very small, very short
tip	सल्लाह हरु	advice, suggestion
tired	थाकेको	exhausted, weary, worn out, drained
tissue	तन्तु	cell,
to over come	जित्नु	beat, face boldly
to this day	आज सम्म	up to now, till today
toil	परिश्रम	hard labour, work labouriously
took care of	ध्यान दियो	looked after
took notice of	ध्यान दिएको	observed, took attention, cared
towed	तान्यो	pulled,
track	पथ, बाटो	road, way, path, course
traders	ब्यापारिहरु	sellers, business man, industrialist, enterprenuers
tradition	परम्परा	customs, belief, rituals
train	तालिम दिनु	teach, instruct, practice
tranquil	शान्त	calm, quiet, peaceful, still , immvable
transportation	यातायात	vehicles
treated	ब्यबहार गर्यो	behaved
tremendous	अत्याधिक	huge, enormous, large
trials	परीक्षणहरु	tests, judicials edamination
tried	कोशिश गर्यो	attempted, made effort, strived
tried	थाकेको	attempted, made an effort, endeavored
troublesome	कठिन	naughty, difficult, sorrowful
truth	सत्य	correct, fact, reality, certainty, accuracy, genuineness, precision,
tull term	महिना पुगेर जन्मको	timely birth
turn off	निभाँउनु	switched off, put off
turn out	देखा पर्नु	point, outwards,
turned	परिबर्तन भयो	changed, twisted, curved, crooked, not straight
turned over	पल्टियो	fell over, samersaulted, roll over
turned up	उपस्थित भयो	arrived, came, reached
twilight	गोधुलि	sunset, dusk, evening, nightfall, sundown,
twinkle	चम्कनु	shine, gleam, sparkle, flicker, glow, glitter, sparkle,
type writer	टाइप गर्ने मसिन	typing machine
typhus	सन्निपात ज्वरो	a dangerous fever,
typical	विषेश, छुट्टै खालको	most common, distinctive, peculiar, classic, emblematic
unable	असक्षम	incapable, unfit, powerless, not capable
uncomfortable	असुविधाजनक	uneasy, difficult, not comfortable
unconscious	अचेत	unaware, lifeless, insensible, out cold, cataleptic
understand	बुझ्नु	know, recognize, comprehend, value, realize, grasp, take in
understoood	बुझायो	knew, learnt, got, grasped the meaning
undiluted	प्रबल, शुद्व	pure, neat, unmixed, straight
uneasy	असजिलो	disturbed, difficult, troubled, anxious, timid
unfair	अस्वच्छ, दुइ जिब्रे	undue, wrong, unreasonable, unmerited, inequitable,unjust, bias
uniquely	अद्वितिय	unique, peculiar, strange
unison	एक, एउटै	as one, single, together
university	विश्व विद्यालय	campus, college, academia, school, ivory tower
unkind	निर्दयी	cruel, pitiless, ruthless
unless	जवसम्म हुँदैन	except, but for, if not
unloved	माया नपाएको	despised, reviled, loathed, detested, got no love,
unreasonable	अविवेकी,	haphazardly, nonsence
unwanted	हेला गरिएको	undesired, ignored, neglected
upset	खिन्न, निरास	unhappy, sad, depredded, troubled restless
upstairs	माथिल्लो तल्ला	higher floor, first storey
urban life	शहरिया जीवन	town life
used to	बानी परेको	habituated
uttering	कराँउदै	making loud noise
utterly	पूरै	completely, entirely, quietly, fully
vampire	रगत चुसाहा	blood sucker, devil
variations	विविधताहरु	differences, alternation, inflexion
VDU	पर्दा	screen, display, monitor
vegetation	वनस्पति	plants, plant life, flora
vehicles	गाडिहरु	means of transportation
vessel	यान, अन्तरिक्ष यान	a large ship, spaceship
via	द्वारा	through, by
vicious circle	चक्रब्यूह	inhuman situation
victim	शिकार, पीडित	sufferer, prey
vigorously	मजबुत रुपले	energetically, mentally, physically strength
villa	फाम हाउस, गाँउको घर	countryside home, farm house
visibility	दृष्य	sight, scene, atmosphere
visitor	आगन्तुक	guest, tourist,
vital	महत्वपूर्ण	important, momentous, serious, essential, compulsory
volume	आवाज	loudness of sound
volumes	पुस्तकहरु	books
volunteered	स्वयम् सेवा गर्यो	offered to do something without being forced
vows	संकल्प गर्छ	promises, gives word, cross heart
wailing	चिच्याइ रहेको	lamenting, crying, screaming, weeping
waist	कम्मर	body parts
walk off with	लिएर जानु	move off with
waste	खेर फाल्नु	expend uselessly, destroy, extravagance
wasting	खेर फाल्नु	destroying,
watching	हेरेर , हेर्दै	seeing, looking, observing
water supply	सिँचाइ	irrigation, supply water, watering
way of	तरिका	manner of behaving
weather report	मौसम सम्वन्धी विवरण	temperature report
weekend	सप्ताहन्त	weekly holidays
well informed	जानकार	well educated, aware, knowledgeable
well off	धनी	rich, wealthy, prosperous, well to do,
well-ironed	इस्त्री लगाइएको	properly pressed clothes
whenever	जहिले पनि	each time, every time, at any time, on any time,
whispered	काने खुसी गर्यो	spoke secretly, back biting,
white cell	स्वेत कोशिकाहरु	while blood cell
wide	चौडा, फराकिलो	extensive, ample, large, spacious,broad,
widely	विशाल रुपले	extensively, broadly, wisely
wild	जंगली	not carefully, violent, disorderly
wildlife	वन्यजन्तु	wild, animals
wildlife	बन्यजन्तु	wild animal
window-shade	झ्यालको पल्ला वा पर्दा	window curtain or flake
windscreen	हावा छेक्ने सिसा	front mirror of vehicles
wipers	सिसा पुछ्ने उपकरण	cleaners of wind screen
within	भित्रमा	inside, near by, not beyond
within	भित्रमा,	inside, not beyond, before, not later than,
wondered	अचम्म पर्यो	surprised, amazed
wondering	आश्चार्य मान्दै	surprising, amazing,
wooden plough	काठको हलो	plough made from wood
woodpeckers	चरा को नाम	a kind of bird
worry	चिन्ता	anxioud, thinking about
wounded	घाइते	hurt, injured, damaged, bruised
wrapped up	बेर्यो	rolled up, covered up,
wreckage	तहस नहस हुनु	destroyed, ruined, destruction, write off
yet	अझै सम्म	until now, so far, thus far